Recent developments in metal‐free organic sensitizers derived from carbazole, triphenylamine, and phenothiazine for dye‐sensitized solar cells

Abstract

Summary In the present context of increasing population, renewable and sustainable energy alternatives are very much essential to satisfy the necessities of the world. To satisfy this growing demand, scientists are prioritizing the production of cost‐effective and high‐performance clean energy appliances. Dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are one such material that is at the forefront of modern solar cell technologies. Being one of the main components of DSSCs, metal‐free organic dyes play a crucial role in light processing and electron injection. In recent times, carbazole (CZ)‐, triphenylamine (TPA)‐, and phenothiazine (PTZ)‐based derivatives have been identified as suitable alternatives to Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes because they are easy to synthesize and exhibit excellent thermal and electronic properties. This review focuses largely on the latest developments in the use of monoanchored and multianchored CZ, TPA, and PTZ scaffolds for DSSC applications and focuses especially on the correlation between molecular design and photovoltaic performance. The physical properties of devices can be adjusted through the sensitizer's strategic design that helps to improve the performance of the devices. We tabulated the photovoltaic parameters corresponding to all dyes presented in this review. Also, applications of additives are presented after the systematic review on CZ‐, TPA‐, and PTZ‐based dyes.

The improved performance of dye‐sensitized solar cells using co‐sensitization and polymer gel electrolyte

“…10 Due to its ease of fabrication and capacity to provide modest power conversion efficiency, dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have gained a lot of attention among solar cell technologies. [11][12][13][14][15] The photoactive layer, a counter electrode, dyes, and electrolytes are the four basic components for the fabrication of DSSCs. [16][17][18] Among these, a sensitizer is usually an important component in DSSC, since it has a significant influence on the device's power conversion efficiency and stability.…”

“…Many nations have been compelled to change their energy production sources to decrease the negative impact of fossil fuel use on the environment, and have chosen solar energy since it has a less negative impact on the ecosystem 10 . Due to its ease of fabrication and capacity to provide modest power conversion efficiency, dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have gained a lot of attention among solar cell technologies 11‐15 . The photoactive layer, a counter electrode, dyes, and electrolytes are the four basic components for the fabrication of DSSCs 16‐18 .…”

Chemo- and regioselective cross-dehydrogenative coupling reaction of 3-hydroxycarbazoles with arenols catalyzed by a mesoporous silica-supported oxovanadium

“…Among a range of oxidative biaryl couplings, those of carbazoles have recently drawn significant attention owing to the unique reactivity of the products and their potentials as biologically active compounds 6 and functional molecules. 7 Catalytic homo-coupling reactions of hydroxycarbazoles and enantioselective variants have been performed using VO(acac) 2 (ref. 8 ) and Schiff base–derived optically active oxovanadium complexes, 9 respectively.…”

Highly improved solar cell efficiency of Mn‐doped amine groups‐functionalized magneticFe3O4@SiO2nanomaterial

“…1 Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are promising alternatives to silicon-based solar cells and have been extensively studied in recent years due to their expected costeffectiveness, tunable transparency, compatibility with flexible substrates, and ability to work under low-light conditions. [2][3][4] The performance of DSSCs mainly depends on the molecular structure of the dyes used as sensitizers, which separate electrons and holes upon excitation by light.…”