Recent developments in synthesizing biolubricants — a review

Hassan

et al. 2023

Preprint

Palm oil possesses promising properties which promote them to be a competitive alternative to mineral oils in the lubrication of machinery. Still, marginal oxidation stability, viscosity, and tribological properties remain critical issues for performance improvement. This paper synthesized palm grease with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nano-additives at different blending ratios. Grease samples were tested for the physicochemical and tribological characteristics. The results showed that the highest viscosity values are found in case of base oil mixed with 0.1 wt.% ZnO and 2 wt.% rGO, separately. ZnO additives enhanced the oxidation stability by 60% and shifted the pour point from 9 oC to 6 oC. Adding ZnO and rGO to the palm grease increased the load-carrying capacity between 30% and 60%, respectively, and reduced the friction coefficient by up to 60%. The wear scar morphology proved a high competency of the developed palm grease aggregates in comparison with lithium grease.

Section: Physicochemical Characterization Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Tribological and Physicochemical Behavior of a Novel Palm Grease Blended with Zinc Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide Nano-Additives

Hassan

et al. 2023

Preprint

“…[23][24][25][26] Moreover, additives (such as antioxidant, anti-corrosion, viscosity modifiers and wear reducers) are also employed to overcome the drawbacks of vegetable oils and improve their lubricant performance. 27,28 Overall, many of the chemically modified vegetable oils displayed improved oxidative stability and cold flow properties as well as enhanced lubrication performance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isopropyl‐branched lard and its potential application as a bio‐based lubricant

Yosief,

Sarker,

Bantchev

et al. 2023

Lubrication Science

Regular lard (RL) was chemically modified into isopropyl‐branched lard (BL). The isopropyl group was introduced into the triglyceride structure via a reaction of carbon–carbon double with isopropyl bromide in presence of ethylaluminum sesquichloride. The reaction was confirmed with gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared spectroscopy. The physical, tribological and chemical properties of the RL, BL and their blendings in polyalphaolefin (PAO) and high‐oleic sunflower oil (HOSuO) were investigated. The BL exhibited better solubility both in HOSuO and PAO than RL. Compared to RL, BL exhibited higher density, viscosity, improved oxidative stability and cold flow properties both as a neat material and blendings in HOSuO or PAO. However, BL displayed lower viscosity index (197 vs. 162) compared to RL. Both RL and BL displayed similar lubricity as HOSuO and showed potential such as a good lubricity additive in PAO even in small amounts (~10 wt%). This study reveals introducing alkyl branching into lard can lead to improved physico‐chemical properties and lubrication performance.

“…Because monomers, such as polyols, represent an important category of ring‐opened products, several excellent reviews on polymers from fats and oils are suggested: Desroches et al, 2012; Furtwengler & Averous, 2018; Llevot, 2017; Llevot et al, 2016; Lligadas et al, 2010, 2013; Lomege et al, 2019; Montero de Espinosa & Meier, 2011; Petrovic, 2008; Ronda et al, 2011; Sawpan, 2018; Sharmin et al, 2015; Tremblay‐Parrado et al, 2021; Xia & Larock, 2010; Zhang et al, 2017. Lastly, ring‐opened derivatives of vegetable oils targeted for lubricant applications are described in Barbera et al (2022), Chen, Biresaw, et al (2020), Hajek et al (2021), Ho et al (2019), Karmakar et al (2017), McNutt and He (2016), and Panchal et al (2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of fatty epoxide ring opening reactions: Chemistry, recent advances, and applications

Moser

Cermak

Doll

et al. 2022

J Americ Oil Chem Soc

Fatty epoxides are produced from the corresponding alkenes by oxidation in the presence of peracids or other oxidants. The classic method is the Prilezhaev epoxidation in which peracids are generated by in situ oxidation of formic or acetic acids with hydrogen peroxide. Epoxidized vegetable oils and esters are used directly as biobased plasticizers and stabilizers for poly(vinyl chloride) or as important platform chemicals for the oleochemical industry. Nucleophilic attack at the oxirane moiety affords a variety of ring opened monomeric or polymeric products, which in many cases undergo further synthetic modification to yield finished products. The most common nucleophiles include water, alcohols, carboxylic acids, acid anhydrides, and amines, although numerous others can also lead to valuable functionalized fatty derivatives. This review summarizes the chemistry of fatty epoxide ring opening reactions as well as applications of the resultant products. Literature from the last 20 years will be emphasized, although older publications of particular significance will be included. Important applications include biobased lubricants as well as polyols for subsequent production of polyurethanes. In addition, ring-opening reactions hitherto unreported on fatty oxiranes will be suggested to facilitate further advancements in the chemistry and utility of fatty epoxides. Finally, interest in fatty epoxides and their consequent products will continue to grow due to the simplicity, efficiency, and versatility of oxirane formation and ring opening as well as the continued societal transition away from petroleum to a sustainable, circular, low-carbon, and biobased economy.