Recent Developments in the Flame-Retardant System of Epoxy Resin

Liu, Quanyi; Wang, Donghui; Li, Zekun; Li, Zhifa; Peng, Xiaoliang; Liu, Chuanbang; Zhang, Yu; Zheng, Penglun

doi:10.3390/ma13092145

Cited by 151 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 180 publications

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“…The addition of nanofillers based on phosphorus compounds to epoxy systems has been studied as a means to enhance their resistance to fire. The advantages of such halogen-free nanomaterials reside in their low toxicity, in the formation of a stable carbonaceous (char) layer during a fire, limiting further advancement of flame, with low emissions of smoke [ 77 ].…”

Section: Nanofillers For Epoxy Resinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances and Trends of Nanofilled/Nanostructured Epoxies

Frigione

Lettieri

2020

Materials

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This paper aims at reviewing the works published in the last five years (2016–2020) on polymer nanocomposites based on epoxy resins. The different nanofillers successfully added to epoxies to enhance some of their characteristics, in relation to the nature and the feature of each nanofiller, are illustrated. The organic–inorganic hybrid nanostructured epoxies are also introduced and their strong potential in many applications has been highlighted. The different methods and routes employed for the production of nanofilled/nanostructured epoxies are described. A discussion of the main properties and final performance, which comprise durability, of epoxy nanocomposites, depending on chemical nature, shape, and size of nanoparticles and on their distribution, is presented. It is also shown why an efficient uniform dispersion of the nanofillers in the epoxy matrix, along with strong interfacial interactions with the polymeric network, will guarantee the success of the application for which the nanocomposite is proposed. The mechanisms yielding to the improved properties in comparison to the neat polymer are illustrated. The most important applications in which these new materials can better exploit their uniqueness are finally presented, also evidencing the aspects that limit a wider diffusion.

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Section: Nanofillers For Epoxy Resinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances and Trends of Nanofilled/Nanostructured Epoxies

Frigione

Lettieri

2020

Materials

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“…However, the flame retardancy of polymer or their composite materials is not significantly improved if the carbon based nanofillers are used alone. Therefore, they need to be mixed with other FR materials to achieve a better performance [ 165 , 166 ]. Table 6 shows the usage of carbon-based nano flame retardants for the treatment of materials consisting of neat polymer and/or natural fibres.…”

Section: Flame Retardant Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress in Biodegradable Flame Retardant Nano-Biocomposites

2021

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This paper summarizes the results obtained in the course of the development of a specific group of biocomposites with high functionality of flame retardancy, which are environmentally acceptable at the same time. Conventional biocomposites have to be altered through different modifications, to be able to respond to the stringent standards and environmental requests of the circular economy. The most commonly produced types of biocomposites are those composed of a biodegradable PLA matrix and plant bast fibres. Despite of numerous positive properties of natural fibres, flammability of plant fibres is one of the most pronounced drawbacks for their wider usage in biocomposites production. Most recent novelties regarding the flame retardancy of nanocomposites are presented, with the accent on the agents of nanosize (nanofillers), which have been chosen as they have low or non-toxic environmental impact, but still offer enhanced flame retardant (FR) properties. The importance of a nanofiller’s geometry and shape (e.g., nanodispersion of nanoclay) and increase in polymer viscosity, on flame retardancy has been stressed. Although metal oxydes are considered the most commonly used nanofillers there are numerous other possibilities presented within the paper. Combinations of clay based nanofillers with other nanosized or microsized FR agents can significantly improve the thermal stability and FR properties of nanocomposite materials. Further research is still needed on optimizing the parameters of FR compounds to meet numerous requirements, from the improvement of thermal and mechanical properties to the biodegradability of the composite products. Presented research initiatives provide genuine new opportunities for manufacturers, consumers and society as a whole to create a new class of bionanocomposite materials with added benefits of environmental improvement.

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“…However, longer curing time and higher cost for epoxy resin compared to polyester and vinyl ester resin hinders its use as a matrix material for automotive composites [ 15 ]. However, Epoxy composites are more appropriate for higher performance applications like aircrafts [ 16 , 17 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently halogenated FRs are replaced by phosphorus-based compounds, silicon-based compounds, borates and metal hydroxides. However, these non-halogenated flame retardants should be incorporated at high loading percentages to be effective and this in turn deteriorates the mechanical properties [ 16 , 28 ]. Moreover, the high loading percentages influence the resin processability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards Selection Charts for Epoxy Resin, Unsaturated Polyester Resin and Their Fibre-Fabric Composites with Flame Retardants

et al. 2021

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Epoxy and unsaturated polyester resins are the most used thermosetting polymers. They are commonly used in electronics, construction, marine, automotive and aircraft industries. Moreover, reinforcing both epoxy and unsaturated polyester resins with carbon or glass fibre in a fabric form has enabled them to be used in high-performance applications. However, their organic nature as any other polymeric materials made them highly flammable materials. Enhancing the flame retardancy performance of thermosetting polymers and their composites can be improved by the addition of flame-retardant materials, but this comes at the expense of their mechanical properties. In this regard, a comprehensive review on the recent research articles that studied the flame retardancy of epoxy resin, unsaturated polyester resin and their composites were covered. Flame retardancy performance of different flame retardant/polymer systems was evaluated in terms of Flame Retardancy index (FRI) that was calculated based on the data extracted from the cone calorimeter test. Furthermore, flame retardant selection charts that relate between the flame retardancy level with mechanical properties in the aspects of tensile and flexural strength were presented. This review paper is also dedicated to providing the reader with a brief overview on the combustion mechanism of polymeric materials, their flammability behaviour and the commonly used flammability testing techniques and the mechanism of action of flame retardants.

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Recent Developments in the Flame-Retardant System of Epoxy Resin

Cited by 151 publications

References 180 publications

Recent Advances and Trends of Nanofilled/Nanostructured Epoxies

Recent Advances and Trends of Nanofilled/Nanostructured Epoxies

Progress in Biodegradable Flame Retardant Nano-Biocomposites

Towards Selection Charts for Epoxy Resin, Unsaturated Polyester Resin and Their Fibre-Fabric Composites with Flame Retardants

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