Recent findings on chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered immune cell therapy in solid tumors and hematological malignancies

Abstract

Advancements in adoptive cell therapy over the last four decades have revealed various new therapeutic strategies, such as chimeric antigen receptors (CARs), which are dedicated immune cells that are engineered and administered to eliminate cancer cells. In this context, CAR T-cells have shown significant promise in the treatment of hematological malignancies. However, many obstacles limit the efficacy of CAR T-cell therapy in both solid tumors and hematological malignancies. Consequently, CAR-NK and CAR-M cell therapies have recently emerged as novel therapeutic options for addressing the challenges associated with CAR T-cell therapies. Currently, many CAR immune cell trials are underway in various human malignancies around the world to improve antitumor activity and reduce the toxicity of CAR immune cell therapy. This review will describe the comprehensive literature of recent findings on CAR immune cell therapy in a wide range of human malignancies, as well as the challenges that have emerged in recent years.

The various role of microRNAs in breast cancer angiogenesis, with a special focus on novel miRNA-based delivery strategies

“…Further, miRNA-9 contributes to angiogenesis via the upregulation of VEGF expression in BCa [187]. One of the novel strategies to cancer therapy is utilizing of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy, which numerous efforts have been performed in this field [188][189][190]. Scientists have considered using anti-angiogenic CAR-T cells to treat cancer.…”

The current landscape of CAR T-cell therapy for solid tumors: Mechanisms, research progress, challenges, and counterstrategies

“…A fifth generation of CARs is presently under scrutiny; they have the second generation of CARs as their basis; however, in order for the transcription factor signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3), they encompass a truncated cytoplasmic IL-2 receptor bchain domain with a binding site. The antigen-specific activation of this receptor concomitantly ignites TCR (through the CD3z domains), co-stimulatory (CD28 domain) and cytokine (Janus kinase (JAK)-STAT3/5) signaling, culminating in the effective provision of all three synergistic signals needed physiologically to stir a thorough T-cell stimulation and multiplication (24)(25)(26).…”

Mesenchymal stem cell-released oncolytic virus: an innovative strategy for cancer treatment

“…Adoptive cell treatments for solid tumors have a significant challenge due to the immunosuppressive TME [ 196 ]. Oncolytic immunotherapy using modified OAd by infecting tumor cells, may disrupt the TME [ 197 ].…”