Recent insights into reverse genetics of norovirus

Noroviruses: Evolutionary Dynamics, Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Vaccine Advances—A Comprehensive Review

“…Additionally, foreign travel, especially one that is associated with behavioural changes while travelling or exposure to an antigenically distinct strain, increases the risk of contracting a norovirus infection [ 61 ]. Very often, there is the continuous shedding of infectious noroviral particles even after the resolution of symptoms, and coupled with the environmental durability which facilitates viral persistence in a closed environment, the consequences include the increased risk of recurrent infections, nosocomial infections, and community outbreaks [ 19 ].…”

“…As it has been hypothesised, bivalve molluscs by virtue of filtration of both human and animal waste could serve as vectors for the introduction of both human and different animal-derived norovirus sequences into a single host [ 69 ]. Noteworthy, food chain globalisation can increase the chance of genomic exchange between distinct polymerases and coat proteins of recombinant strains and further introduces more challenges with regards to foodborne outbreaks of norovirus recognition [ 19 ].…”

“…Noroviruses infecting humans recognise the histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs), which are glycans on the surface of mucosal epithelial cells, through the immunogenic P2 domain of VP1 [ 19 ]. As an initial attachment factor, genetic susceptibility to a Norwalk virus infection has been positively correlated with HBGA secretor status in different populations [ 38 , 115 ].…”

“…Globally, genotype GII.4 predominates, while new variants emerge almost every 2-5 years [17,18]. Usually, the accumulation of point mutations at the epitope domain of VP1 typically causes a shift in antigenic properties, which is associated with the escape of variants from herd immunity [19]. With the emerging insights into the interplay between norovirus and their hosts' immunity versus the improvement of a human norovirus in vitro culture system, this article provides information on the past and present knowledge on norovirus biology, evolutionary drivers, epidemiology and molecular diversity, cell tropism and pathogenic mechanisms, innate and adaptive immunity, reservoir hosts, intra-inter host dynamics and potential eco-evolutionary significance.…”

Molecular and Genetics-Based Systems for Tracing the Evolution and Exploring the Mechanisms of Human Norovirus Infections

“…A reverse genetics system can generate viruses from cloned constructs. Thus, it is a powerful tool that can be used to overcome the genetic diversity of norovirus and discover the pathogenesis of, and design antivirals for, norovirus [81]. Asanaka et al first developed a mammalian-based replication system for a non-cultivable human norovirus.…”