Recent Progress in Chitosanase Production of Monomer-Free Chitooligosaccharides: Bioprocess Strategies and Future Applications

Sinha, Sujata; Chand, Subhash; Tripathi, Pushplata

doi:10.1007/s12010-016-2140-6

Cited by 37 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 84 publications

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“…It has been reported that chitosanases from different sources may exhibit different catalytic mechanisms dependent, among other factors, on the DD of substrates (Sinha et al, 2016). Moreover, microbial chitosanases produce a relatively higher yield of COS, comparing to enzymes from other sources (Kim and Rajapakse, 2005).…”

Section: Enzymatic Modification Of Chitin and Chitosanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enzymatic Modifications of Chitin, Chitosan, and Chitooligosaccharides

Kaczmarek

Struszczyk‐Świta

et al. 2019

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

285

157

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Chitin and its N-deacetylated derivative chitosan are two biological polymers that have found numerous applications in recent years, but their further deployment suffers from limitations in obtaining a defined structure of the polymers using traditional conversion methods. The disadvantages of the currently used industrial methods of chitosan manufacturing and the increasing demand for a broad range of novel chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) with a fully defined architecture increase interest in chitin and chitosan-modifying enzymes. Enzymes such as chitinases, chitosanases, chitin deacetylases, and recently discovered lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases had attracted considerable interest in recent years. These proteins are already useful tools toward the biotechnological transformation of chitin into chitosan and chitooligosaccharides, especially when a controlled non-degradative and well-defined process is required. This review describes traditional and novel enzymatic methods of modification of chitin and its derivatives. Recent advances in chitin processing, discovery of increasing number of new, well-characterized enzymes and development of genetic engineering methods result in rapid expansion of the field. Enzymatic modification of chitin and chitosan may soon become competitive to conventional conversion methods.

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Section: Enzymatic Modification Of Chitin and Chitosanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enzymatic Modifications of Chitin, Chitosan, and Chitooligosaccharides

Kaczmarek

Struszczyk‐Świta

et al. 2019

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

285

157

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“…Enzymatic production of COS is very attractive since it requires milder conditions (relatively low temperatures and slightly acidic pH) and does not generate harmful byproducts or wastes [27], which makes it safer and more environmentally friendly approach [28]. In addition, strategies based on biocatalysis present a higher efficiency and allow easier control of the product composition due to inherent enzyme specificity.…”

Section: Chitooligosaccharides Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enzymatic Synthesis and Characterization of Different Families of Chitooligosaccharides and Their Bioactive Properties

et al. 2021

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Chitooligosaccharides (COS) are homo- or hetero-oligomers of D-glucosamine (GlcN) and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) that can be obtained by chitosan or chitin hydrolysis. Their enzymatic production is preferred over other methodologies (physical, chemical, etc.) due to the mild conditions required, the fewer amounts of waste and its efficiency to control product composition. By properly selecting the enzyme (chitinase, chitosanase or nonspecific enzymes) and the substrate properties (degree of deacetylation, molecular weight, etc.), it is possible to direct the synthesis towards any of the three COS types: fully acetylated (faCOS), partially acetylated (paCOS) and fully deacetylated (fdCOS). In this article, we review the main strategies to steer the COS production towards a specific group. The chemical characterization of COS by advanced techniques, e.g., high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, is critical for structure–function studies. The scaling of processes to synthesize specific COS mixtures is difficult due to the low solubility of chitin/chitosan, the heterogeneity of the reaction mixtures, and high amounts of salts. Enzyme immobilization can help to minimize such hurdles. The main bioactive properties of COS are herein reviewed. Finally, the anti-inflammatory activity of three COS mixtures was assayed in murine macrophages after stimulation with lipopolysaccharides.

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“…Although the solubility of chitosan is improved, high viscosity and poor water solubility limit its further application. Chitosan oligosaccharides (COSs) are derivative products from chitosan or chitin, which exhibit many practical advantages such as high water solubility, low viscosity, biodegradability, and biocompatibility (Sinha et al, 2016;Yuan et al, 2019). Many previous studies revealed that COSs display various biological activities such as being antioxidant, antitumor, antiviral, and antimicrobial (Romanazzi et al, 2018;Zhang et al, 2018;Wu et al, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overexpression and Biochemical Properties of a GH46 Chitosanase From Marine Streptomyces hygroscopicus R1 Suitable for Chitosan Oligosaccharides Preparation

Wang

Wang²,

Zhu³

et al. 2022

Front. Microbiol.

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Due to the various biological activities of chitosan oligosaccharides (COSs), they have great potential value for use in many areas. Chitosanase plays an important role in enzymatic preparation of COSs. Herein, a gene encoding a chitosanase (ShCsn46) from marine Streptomyces hygroscopicus R1 was cloned and the sequences encoding ShCsn46 without signal peptide were optimized based on the codon usage of Pichia pastoris (P. pastoris). In addition, the optimized gene was ligated to pPICZαA and transformed to P. pastoris X33. After screening, a recombinant strain named X33-Sh33 with the highest activity was isolated from 96 recombinant colonies. The maximum activity and total protein concentration of the recombinant strain ShCsn46 were 2250 U/ml and 3.98 g/l, respectively. The optimal pH and temperature of purified ShCsn46 were 5.5 and 55°C, respectively. Meanwhile, ShCsn46 was stable from pH 5.0 to 10.0 and 40 to 55°C, respectively. The purified ShCsn46 was activated by Mn2+ and inhibited by Cu2+, Fe2+, and Al3+. In addition, substrate specificity of the purified ShCsn46 showed highest activity toward colloidal chitosan with 95% degree of deacetylation. Furthermore, the purified ShCsn46 exhibited high efficiency to hydrolyze 4% colloidal chitosan to prepare COSs. COSs with degree of polymerization of 2–6, 2–5, and 2–4 were controllably produced by adjusting the reaction time. This study provides an excellent chitosanase for the controllable preparation of COSs with a desirable degree of polymerization.

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Recent Progress in Chitosanase Production of Monomer-Free Chitooligosaccharides: Bioprocess Strategies and Future Applications

Cited by 37 publications

References 84 publications

Enzymatic Modifications of Chitin, Chitosan, and Chitooligosaccharides

Enzymatic Modifications of Chitin, Chitosan, and Chitooligosaccharides

Enzymatic Synthesis and Characterization of Different Families of Chitooligosaccharides and Their Bioactive Properties

Overexpression and Biochemical Properties of a GH46 Chitosanase From Marine Streptomyces hygroscopicus R1 Suitable for Chitosan Oligosaccharides Preparation

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