Recent progress in photosensitizers for overcoming the challenges of photodynamic therapy: from molecular design to application

Zhao, Xin-Hao; Liu, Jiangping; Fan, Jiangli; Chao, Hui; Peng, Xiaojun

doi:10.1039/d0cs00173b

Cited by 803 publications

(547 citation statements)

References 253 publications

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“…PDT was the first drug/device combination approved by the FDA ( Agostinis et al, 2011 ). Various PSs have been commercialized or used in clinical trials up to date ( Agostinis et al, 2011 ; Zhao et al, 2021 ). One of the most frequently used PSs in the clinic is Photofrin (porfimer sodium).…”

Section: Clinical Applications Of Photodynamic Therapy In Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

Photodynamic Therapy for the Treatment and Diagnosis of Cancer–A Review of the Current Clinical Status

2021

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Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been used as an anti-tumor treatment method for a long time and photosensitizers (PS) can be used in various types of tumors. Originally, light is an effective tool that has been used in the treatment of diseases for ages. The effects of combination of specific dyes with light illumination was demonstrated at the beginning of 20th century and novel PDT approaches have been developed ever since. Main strategies of current studies are to reduce off-target effects and improve pharmacokinetic properties. Given the high interest and vast literature about the topic, approval of PDT as the first drug/device combination by the FDA should come as no surprise. PDT consists of two stages of treatment, combining light energy with a PS in order to destruct tumor cells after activation by light. In general, PDT has fewer side effects and toxicity than chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. In addition to the purpose of treatment, several types of PSs can be used for diagnostic purposes for tumors. Such approaches are called photodynamic diagnosis (PDD). In this Review, we provide a general overview of the clinical applications of PDT in cancer, including the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Assessment of PDT therapeutic efficacy in the clinic will be discussed, since identifying predictors to determine the response to treatment is crucial. In addition, examples of PDT in various types of tumors will be discussed. Furthermore, combination of PDT with other therapy modalities such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery and immunotherapy will be emphasized, since such approaches seem to be promising in terms of enhancing effectiveness against tumor. The combination of PDT with other treatments may yield better results than by single treatments. Moreover, the utilization of lower doses in a combination therapy setting may cause less side effects and better results than single therapy. A better understanding of the effectiveness of PDT in a combination setting in the clinic as well as the optimization of such complex multimodal treatments may expand the clinical applications of PDT.

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Section: Clinical Applications Of Photodynamic Therapy In Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

Photodynamic Therapy for the Treatment and Diagnosis of Cancer–A Review of the Current Clinical Status

2021

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“…The organic fluorophores, such as naphthalimides, xanthenes, boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY), and cyanines, can also be designed as photosensitizers for cancer PDT, with high light absorption at relatively long wavelengths and large molar extinction coefficient. Organic fluorophore photosensitizers have low toxicity, good biocompatibility, and long triplet lifetimes, and their fluorescence emission can be used to perform real-time monitoring during PDT treatment [ 40 , 41 ].…”

Section: Pdt Essential Elementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photodynamic Therapy Review: Principles, Photosensitizers, Applications, and Future Directions

et al. 2021

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Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally invasive therapeutic modality that has gained great attention in the past years as a new therapy for cancer treatment. PDT uses photosensitizers that, after being excited by light at a specific wavelength, react with the molecular oxygen to create reactive oxygen species in the target tissue, resulting in cell death. Compared to conventional therapeutic modalities, PDT presents greater selectivity against tumor cells, due to the use of photosensitizers that are preferably localized in tumor lesions, and the precise light irradiation of these lesions. This paper presents a review of the principles, mechanisms, photosensitizers, and current applications of PDT. Moreover, the future path on the research of new photosensitizers with enhanced tumor selectivity, featuring the improvement of PDT effectiveness, has also been addressed. Finally, new applications of PDT have been covered.

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“…5 Such photo-based modality holds great potential for disease treatment or diagnosis due to its noninvasiveness, spatiotemporal selectivity, and negligible drug resistance. [6][7][8][9][10][11] However, the traditional "always-on" photo-agents including photosensitizers and photothermal chemicals would inevitably provoke a response or phototoxicity to normal tissues, [12][13][14][15][16][17][18] and are unable to achieve precise imaging or therapy nor advance the clinical translation of the photoagents. [19][20][21] The design of activatable photo-agents offers an innovative approach to nonspecic responses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Precision photothermal therapy and photoacoustic imaging by in situ activatable thermoplasmonics

Qing

et al. 2021

Chem. Sci.

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Recent progress in photosensitizers for overcoming the challenges of photodynamic therapy: from molecular design to application

Abstract: Molecular design directions for overcoming the photodynamic therapy challenges.

Cited by 803 publications

References 253 publications

Photodynamic Therapy for the Treatment and Diagnosis of Cancer–A Review of the Current Clinical Status

Photodynamic Therapy for the Treatment and Diagnosis of Cancer–A Review of the Current Clinical Status

Photodynamic Therapy Review: Principles, Photosensitizers, Applications, and Future Directions

Precision photothermal therapy and photoacoustic imaging by in situ activatable thermoplasmonics

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