Recent Progress in Understanding and Controlling Bacterial Canker of Tomato in Eastern North America

Abstract

Bacterial canker of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), caused by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Smith) Davis et al, has caused major economic losses in commercial tomato production worldwide. Losses from canker are caused primarily by wilting and collapse of plants, but fruit spotting, also known as bird's-eye spot, reduces the value of fresh-market tomatoes. The disease can occur on pepper and several other members of the Solanaceae, but tomato is the only crop on which it is economically significant. Since its discovery in a Michigan greenhouse in 1909, canker has been reported from virtually all tomatogrowing regions of the world (40). In North America, epidemics have occurred in the U.S. Midwest (1930s and 1980s), Ontario (1960s and 1980s), and North Carolina (1960s), causing yield losses of up to 80% for individual growers and 5-1094 regionally (40). Erwin F. Smith (38) first named the pathogen Bacterium rnichiganense, then Aplanobacter michiganense. After additional attempts at renaming, including Pseudomonas michiganensis, Phytomonas michiganensis, Erwinia michiganensis, and Mycobacterium rnichiganense, the accepted nomenclature became and stayed

Antibacterial activity of cyclo(L-Pro-L-Tyr) and cyclo(D-Pro-L-Tyr) from Streptomyces sp. strain 22-4 against phytopathogenic bacteria

“…X. axonopodis pv. citri is an extremely persistent causative agent of bacterial canker in citrus (Brunings and Gabriel 2003) whilst R. solanacearum and C. michiganensis cause bacterial wilt in plants of the Solanaceae family (Gleason et al 1993, Hayward 1991). …”

Identification of the Bacterium Tomato Stem Canker

“…There were significant differences between the treatments at P = 0.05. Symptoms appeared on all treatments and at different intervals of incubation periods, the faster of the visible symptoms were observed in the treatment of stem inoculation, symptoms that appeared after 10 days and was delayed in the treatment of the wounded roots to three weeks and more and also indicated by (Gleason et al, 1993).…”

“…), caused by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. Michiganensis is one of the most destructive diseases of tomato and has caused major economic losses in commercial tomato production worldwide the disease can occur on other members of the Solanaceae plants as alternative hosts (Agrawal et al, 2012;Fatmi and Schaad, 2002;Gleason et al, 1993;Leandro, 2011). The severity of disease is very high, the presence of less than 1% infected seeds can cause 60-70% crop loss, the epidemics in the fields and green house can be induced by few plants (Burokiene et al, 2005;Strider, 1969).…”

“…Marginal necrosis of leaflets frequently is an early symptom of localized infection. Sometimes referred to as the "firing stage" this appears first as distinct brown, dried margins on lower leaflets (Gleason et al, 1993).…”

“…and Verticillium spp. especially at the first stages of the disease which increases the complexity of the disease and came to the conclusion that the onset of symptoms on the seedlings were different among all treatments due to the different ways to penetrate the causes of bacterial perhaps through wounds in the roots or stems, which explains Several studies suggest that the factor that is most influential in the epidemiology of diseases lesion is the period between infection and the onset of symptoms, where the duration of the incubation ranging from 7-84 day and affected by temperature, plant age, inoculums concentration of pathogen and the longer period for incubation was founded, in older plants, cool temperature or warmer than 25°C and lower inoculums concentration (Burokiene et al, 2005;Gleason et al, 1993). …”