Recent progress of continuous intraocular pressure monitoring

Abstract

Glaucoma, a chronic optic neuropathy, is the leading cause of irreversible blindness in the world. Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) has been considered to be the major contributor to glaucoma for a long time and is currently proved to be the only modifiable risk factor for the progression of optic neuropathy. IOP fluctuates throughout the day with a circadian rhythm change and is affected by body gesture changes. Moreover, the IOP spike usually occurs at night or in the early morning. Therefore, the current clinical practice of single and static measurements of IOP during office hours is not conducive to the early diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma. This review focuses on current advances in implantable and noninvasive IOP sensors for obtaining 24‐hour continuous IOP profiles. The content summarizes and classifies IOP sensors based on their working principles and provides representative examples of the sensors for IOP monitoring. Finally, the review further analyzes the challenges of current IOP sensors for clinical practice and puts forward the prospect of IOP sensors in the future.

Current Innovations in Intraocular Pressure Monitoring Biosensors for Diagnosis and Treatment of Glaucoma—Novel Strategies and Future Perspectives

“…Intraocular pressure (IOP) is an essential measurement that must be recorded during ophthalmic inspections, particularly in patients with ocular hypertension or glaucoma, and in individuals with a high-risk percentage of developing glaucoma [ 51 , 52 ]. Irreversible blindness eventually results from the optic nerve head being damaged by the increase in IOP [ 53 ]. Among the various factors such as age, high myopia and family history, IOP is indicated to be the only modifying risk factor for glaucoma.…”

“…Some of the IOP measuring instruments are applanation tonometers, pneumatonometers, Perkins tonometers, dynamic contour tonometers, wireless implantable transducers, home tonometers and contact lens sensors ( Figure 7 , Figure 8 and Figure 9 ) [ 53 ]. Goldmann applanation tonometry (GAT) is regarded as the “gold standard” for quick and reproducible analysis of IOP, as it uses the Imbert–Fick equation to calculate IOP.…”

Temperature Self-Compensating Intelligent Wireless Measuring Contact Lens for Quantitative Intraocular Pressure Monitoring

“…4,15−18 Over recent decades, intelligent contact lenses incorporating photonic crystals, microfluidics, moirépatterns, piezoresistive techniques, and inductor−capacitor−resistor (LCR) resonance has garnered significant attention in the field of IOP monitoring. 19 Among them, contact lens sensors utilizing photonic crystals, microfluidics, and moirépatterns depend on external camera capture and subsequent comparison of optical images. This reliance poses challenges in achieving real-time continuous IOP measurements, and IOP monitoring is feasible only in the eye-open state, restricting its applicability during sleep.…”

“…Positioned as an ideal platform for conformal contact with the eye, , contact lenses have been developed as intelligent wearable devices for quantitative, real-time, continuous physiological parameter monitoring. ,− Over recent decades, intelligent contact lenses incorporating photonic crystals, microfluidics, moiré patterns, piezoresistive techniques, and inductor−capacitor−resistor (LCR) resonance has garnered significant attention in the field of IOP monitoring . Among them, contact lens sensors utilizing photonic crystals, microfluidics, and moiré patterns depend on external camera capture and subsequent comparison of optical images.…”

Comparison between Intraocular Pressure Profiles over 24 and 48 h in the Management of Glaucoma

“…Additionally, combined cataract surgery is usually required. Non-invasive contact lens technologies, on the other hand, are prone to measuring inaccuracies due to confounding factors, such as corneal curvature [ 17 ]. Due to these challenges, continuous IOP monitoring is not yet broadly incorporated into the clinical routine of glaucoma management, and therefore, “classical” measuring of the IOP remains of major importance.…”