Recent technological innovations on continuous microwave assisted biomass pyrolysis and perspectives for industrial scale applications

Assessment of PET Depolymerization Processes for Circular Economy. 1. Thermodynamics, Chemistry, Purification, and Process Design

“…163 The bottom right is a stirred tank microwave reactor with a top or side mounted microwave unit. endless screw design used by gr3n and JBPV is consistent with microwave reactor designs used for biomass application as described by De La Cruz Iturbides et al 188 Parravicini et al indicate a modular design with multiple parallel reactors and a common product outlet. 165 Using multiple reactors in parallel is a way to overcome scale limitations with modular designs necessary to achieve large production scales.…”

“…187 Industry mostly employs multimode reactors. 188 Microwave reactors require materials nearly transparent to microwave radiation for the window that separates the microwave generator from the process fluid. The window is typically the tubing or piping that the reacting fluid flows through in the microwave chamber.…”

“…It purposefully randomizes the electromagnetic field to increase the likelihood of microwave energy being adsorbed by the fluid, but this also leads to formation of hotspots . Industry mostly employs multimode reactors …”

Biochar‐based catalysts derived from biomass waste: production, characterization, and application for liquid biofuel synthesis

“…To offer uniform heating and avoid hotspots, sophisticated equipment, and experience are sometimes required. 72,73 Microwave penetration depth into certain biomass materials can prove limited, leading to uneven heating. This constraint has the potential to reduce the overall effectiveness and uniformity of the pyrolysis process.…”

“…Microwave pyrolysis systems are often complex, requiring considerable design and engineering. To offer uniform heating and avoid hotspots, sophisticated equipment, and experience are sometimes required 72,73 . Microwave penetration depth into certain biomass materials can prove limited, leading to uneven heating.…”