Abstract:Background
Water pollution due to the disposal of heavy metals in water bodies is one of the most global concerns that adversely affect the ecosystem and human health because of their non-biodegradability and potential of accumulation. Copper is one of the most present metals in the environment released mainly from disposing of agricultural fertilizers and pesticides, mining operations, chemical, pharmaceutical, and paper manufacturing industries into stream bodies. The elevated exposure to Cu(… Show more
“…A remarkable number of sensors has been reported for the Co 2+ and Cu 2+ distinguishing, in which some of them indicated superior sensitivity and selectivity than GQD-EBT 23 , 30 , 31 . However, introducing new approach to the functionalizing GQD with an indicator such as EBT could be a promising pathway to afford a lot of new sensors via this protocol.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This reaction efficiently was progressed by the N , N ′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) and 4,4′-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) as the esterification agents 27 , 28 . The sensor successfully detected two significant metal cations, including Co 2+ and Cu 2+ , which their fast detections are not well-stablished till now 29 – 31 . Scheme 1 Synthesis of GQD-EBT.…”
Detection of heavy transition metals is of importance protecting humans and the environment from their toxicity. Amongst them, copper(II) and cobalt(II) need more attention due to their wide applications in industry, in which exposures with excess amounts of them cause heathy concerns. Hence, fast and efficient distinguishing copper(II) and cobalt(II) could be worthy. While electrochemical approaches could determine these cations, expensive instrumentation and time-consuming analysis are significant drawbacks, leading to concentrations on spectroscopic and colorimetric pathways. Herein, graphene quantum dot was modified with Eriochrome Black T (EBT) to generate a novel sensor with the ability of sensing mentioned cations. This new nanocompound demonstrated new optical properties when complexed with cobalt(II) in natural pH, and copper(II) in acidic media. Both cations successfully were detected by the new nanosensor through revealing distinct spectroscopic signals. Moreover, cobalt(II) was distinguished by this sensor colorimetrical, appearing green solution. Linear ranges of cobalt(II) and copper(II) were obtained as 0.02–0.08 M and 0.015–0.2 M, with the limit of detections 0.014 and 0.018 M, respectively.
“…A remarkable number of sensors has been reported for the Co 2+ and Cu 2+ distinguishing, in which some of them indicated superior sensitivity and selectivity than GQD-EBT 23 , 30 , 31 . However, introducing new approach to the functionalizing GQD with an indicator such as EBT could be a promising pathway to afford a lot of new sensors via this protocol.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This reaction efficiently was progressed by the N , N ′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) and 4,4′-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) as the esterification agents 27 , 28 . The sensor successfully detected two significant metal cations, including Co 2+ and Cu 2+ , which their fast detections are not well-stablished till now 29 – 31 . Scheme 1 Synthesis of GQD-EBT.…”
Detection of heavy transition metals is of importance protecting humans and the environment from their toxicity. Amongst them, copper(II) and cobalt(II) need more attention due to their wide applications in industry, in which exposures with excess amounts of them cause heathy concerns. Hence, fast and efficient distinguishing copper(II) and cobalt(II) could be worthy. While electrochemical approaches could determine these cations, expensive instrumentation and time-consuming analysis are significant drawbacks, leading to concentrations on spectroscopic and colorimetric pathways. Herein, graphene quantum dot was modified with Eriochrome Black T (EBT) to generate a novel sensor with the ability of sensing mentioned cations. This new nanocompound demonstrated new optical properties when complexed with cobalt(II) in natural pH, and copper(II) in acidic media. Both cations successfully were detected by the new nanosensor through revealing distinct spectroscopic signals. Moreover, cobalt(II) was distinguished by this sensor colorimetrical, appearing green solution. Linear ranges of cobalt(II) and copper(II) were obtained as 0.02–0.08 M and 0.015–0.2 M, with the limit of detections 0.014 and 0.018 M, respectively.
“…From another hand, adapting in vitro analysis of copper concentration is important for food safety, environmental pollution live monitoring, and diagnostics. The most popular assays for copper detection in soil and water samples are mainly based on spectrometry, such as UV-Vis spectrometry, atomic absorption spectrometry, and X-ray fluorescent spectrometer ( Elkhatat et al, 2021 ). For example, to a typical Cu 2+ level for surface water in China is ranging from 5 to 15 μM ( Zhao et al, 2009 ).…”
Engineered light, oxygen, and voltage (LOV)-based proteins are able to fluoresce without oxygen requirement due to the autocatalytic incorporation of exogenous flavin as a chromophore thus allowing for live cell imaging under hypoxic and anaerobic conditions. They were also discovered to have high sensitivity to transition metal ions and physiological flavin derivatives. These properties make flavin-binding fluorescent proteins (FPs) a perspective platform for biosensor development. However, brightness of currently available flavin-binding FPs is limited compared to GFP-like FPs creating a need for their further enhancement and optimization. In this study, we applied a directed molecular evolution approach to develop a pair of flavin-binding FPs, named miniGFP1 and miniGFP2. The miniGFP proteins are characterized by cyan-green fluorescence with excitation/emission maxima at 450/499 nm and a molecular size of ∼13 kDa. We carried out systematic benchmarking of miniGFPs in Escherichia coli and cultured mammalian cells against spectrally similar FPs including GFP-like FP, bilirubin-binding FP, and bright flavin-binding FPs. The miniGFPs proteins exhibited improved photochemical properties compared to other flavin-binding FPs enabling long-term live cell imaging. We demonstrated the utility of miniGFPs for live cell imaging in bacterial culture under anaerobic conditions and in CHO cells under hypoxia. The miniGFPs’ fluorescence was highly sensitive to Cu(II) ions in solution with Kd values of 67 and 68 nM for miniGFP1 and miniGFP2, respectively. We also observed fluorescence quenching of miniGFPs by the reduced form of Cu(I) suggesting its potential application as an optical indicator for Cu(I) and Cu(II). In addition, miniGFPs showed the ability to selectively bind exogenous flavin mononucleotide demonstrating a potential for utilization as a selective fluorescent flavin indicator. Altogether, miniGFPs can serve as a multisensing platform for fluorescence biosensor development for in vitro and in-cell applications.
“…Some of the complex procedures that involve copper are froth floatation of sulphide ores, preparation of wood preservatives, ECS Sensors Plus, 2023 2 024601 electroplating industry, dye industry, and the manufacture of copper compounds. 68,69 This suggests that the demand of copper is huge globally which brings the argument regarding its regulation. World Health (WHO) advises that the maximum allowed limit of Cu (II) adulteration should not exceed 1.5 ppm in drinking water.…”
Climate change directly affects all aspects of the environment and accounts for changes in our surroundings seen or unseen. With the growing need for accountability in the agricultural commercial and regulatory spheres, there is a widely accepted consensus that there needs to be quantitative information on the different environmental entities to understand and solve challenges posed towards food production and agricultural activities. This paper is intended to propagate an era of quantitative metrics to better assess environmental health which can adversely impact human health. This review assesses three different environmental vectors prone to pollution and in high contact with human entities. We also discuss different electrochemical sensing platforms used as biosensors for the detection of a wide myriad of pollutants with an adverse effect on human health. Furthermore, the breakdown of each section includes a survey of the evolution and design of various sensor platforms that are aimed towards a comprehensive monitoring platform for pollutant screening with an emphasis on agro-safety and environmental health. Detailed pesticide screening case-studies are also explored for a better understanding of the current electrochemical biosensors that exist for the sole purpose of environmental monitoring.
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