Receptor-Targeted Surface-Engineered Nanomaterials for Breast Cancer Imaging and Theranostic Applications

Abstract

Breast cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers in women and the major cause of worldwide cancer-related deaths among women. Various treatment strategies including conventional chemotherapy, immunotherapy, gene therapy, gene silencing and deliberately engineered nanomaterials for receptor mediated targeted delivery of anticancer drugs, antibodies, and small-molecule inhibitors, etc are being investigated by scientists to combat breast cancer. Smartly designed/fabricated nanomaterials are being explored to target breast cancer through enhanced permeation and retention effect; and also, being conjugated with suitable ligand for receptor-mediated endocytosis to target breast cancer for diagnostic, and theranostic applications. These receptor-targeted nanomedicines have shown efficacy to target specific tumor tissue/cells abstaining the healthy tissues/cells from cytotoxic effect of anticancer drug molecules. In the last few decades, theranostic nanomedicines have gained much attention among other nanoparticle systems due to their unique ability to deliver chemotherapeutic as well as diagnostic agents, simultaneously. Theranostic nanomaterials are emerging as novel paradigm with ability for concurrent delivery of imaging (with contrasting agents), targeting (with biomarkers), and anticancer therapeutics with one delivery system (as cancer theranostics) and can transpire as promising strategy to overcome various hurdles for effective management of breast cancer including its most aggressive form, triple-negative breast cancer.

Role of Angiogenesis and Its Biomarkers in Development of Targeted Tumor Therapies

“…These biomarkers are involved in several molecular pathways associated with angiogenesis in cancer. Various agents, such as specific antibodies, aptamers, small interfering ribonucleic acids (siRNAs), and therapeutic agents, have been developed to target these biomarkers [5][6][7]. This review analyses the role of angiogenesis in cancer development and discusses the currently known angiogenic therapeutic biomarkers exploited in antiangiogenic therapy.…”

Complex solutions for nonlinear fractional partial differential equations via the fractional conformable residual power series technique and modified auxiliary equation method

“…Analytical methodologies, new mathematical theories, and computational systems that enable us to study nonlinear complicated phenomena have triggered this revolution in understanding. Furthermore, the sub-equation Frontiers in Physics frontiersin.org method [19], modified Kudryashov method [20], and F-expansion method [21][22][23] are just a few of the methods that have been used. A semi-approximate approach called numerical simulations was developed specifically for addressing challenging nonlinear temporal FPDEs that can appear in a variety of scientific fields.…”

Highly Biocompatible Apigenin-Loaded Silk Fibroin Nanospheres: Preparation, Characterization, and Anti-Breast-Cancer Activity

“…With the rapid advances in nanotechnology and materials science, a variety of novel nanocarrier materials have opened up new opportunities for disease treatment. Active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) can be loaded into nanocarriers and delivered to target sites (e.g., tumors) through enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effects [ 12 , 13 ]. Silk fibroin (SF), a natural polymeric fibrous protein extracted from silk, has been recognized as a biomaterial by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).…”