Recognizing vitamin A deficiency: special considerations in low-prevalence areas

Abstract

Purpose of reviewAlthough vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is rare in well resourced countries, there is a growing trend of VAD in at-risk pediatric populations. Early diagnosis is critically important to prevent its associated morbidity and mortality. This review highlights key lessons for evaluation, diagnosis, and management of children with xerophthalmia in the United States. It synthesizes the latest findings from the literature on the pathophysiology, epidemiology, risk factors, evaluation, and management of VAD in low-prevalence areas. Recent findingsVitamin A is crucial for maintaining the functional integrity of the eye, immune system, skin, and mucous membranes. Despite the scarcity of VAD in developed countries, there are increasing reports of VAD in atrisk children, including those with autism spectrum disorder and gastrointestinal conditions. There is a broad range of manifestations of VAD, posing a diagnostic challenge. Familiarity with the variable presentations of VAD and having a high index of suspicion in at-risk populations can aid in its early diagnosis. Systemic vitamin A supplementation and a multidisciplinary approach are important components of the management of VAD.

Nutritional deficiencies in low-sociodemographic-index countries: a population-based study

“…The age-standardized DALY rate for vitamin A deficiency also decreased in this period. The WHO recognizes vitamin A deficiency as one of the four major nutritional deficiencies globally ( 21 ). There is a basic understanding of the adverse effects of vitamin A deficiency (clinical and subclinical), and the main reasons for vitamin A deficiency are clear ( 22 ).…”