Reconstructing the built environment of the Millo Complex, Vitor Valley, Peru

Nigra, Benjamin T.; Rosas, Augusto Cardona; Lozada, María Cecilia; Barnard, Hans

doi:10.1080/00776297.2017.1324011

Cited by 10 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 27 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Crania could not be articulated with postcrania due to extensive looting. The context available from AMS dating shows that Uraca was used to inter people and camelids who lived from around 200–700 AD (Scaffidi, ), corresponding to the EIP and the first 100 years of Wari imperial expansion into this region (Jennings, ; Jennings et al, ; Nigra, Rosas, Lozada, & Barnard, ; Owen, ; Tung, ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endemic violence in a pre‐Hispanic Andean community: A bioarchaeological study of cranial trauma from the Majes Valley, Peru

Scaffidi

Tung

2020

American J Phys Anthropol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Objectives: This study examines violence-related cranial trauma frequencies and wound characteristics in the pre-Hispanic cemetery of Uraca in the lower Majes Valley, Arequipa, Peru, dating to the pre-and early-Wari periods . Cranial wounds are compared between status and sex-based subgroups to understand how violence shaped, and was shaped by, these aspects of identity, and to reconstruct the social contexts of violence carried out by and against Uracans. Materials and Methods: Presence, location, and characteristics (lethality, penetration, and post-traumatic sequelae) of antemortem and perimortem cranial fractures are documented for 145 crania and compared between subgroups. Cranial wounds are mapped in ArcGIS and the locational distribution of injuries is compared between male and female crania.Results: Middle adult males were disproportionately interred at Uraca, particularly in the elite Sector I. The Uraca mortuary population presents the highest rate of cranial trauma reported for pre-Hispanic Peru: 67% of adults present trauma, and among those, 61.1% present more than one cranial injury. Males exhibit significantly more cranial trauma than females and present a higher mean number of injuries per person.Elite males show the highest mean number of injuries per person, more antemortem injuries, and are the only ones with perimortem cranial trauma, bladed injuries, penetrating injuries, and post-traumatic sequelae. Both sexes were most frequently injured on the anterior of the cranium, while the proportion of posterior injuries was higher for females.Discussion: The rate, intensity, and locational patterns of cranial trauma suggests the community was engaged in raids and/or war with enemy groups, some of which may have increased physical violence between community members. Engaging in violence was likely a prerequisite for burial in the elite sector and was bound up with the generation and maintenance of social status differences linked to male social life.

show abstract

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endemic violence in a pre‐Hispanic Andean community: A bioarchaeological study of cranial trauma from the Majes Valley, Peru

Scaffidi

Tung

2020

American J Phys Anthropol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Middle Horizon caravan trails bisect the northern edge of the Pacific Piedmont (Bikoulis et al 2018). Quilcapampa, like other Pacific Piedmont sites of the era (Nigra et al 2017), was oriented around these trails: both petroglyph evidence and faunal remains at the site reveal the important role that camelids played in maintaining Wari contacts between the highlands, coast, and intervalley regions of the yungas (Alaica et al 2021;Berquist et al 2021). Ceramic, lithic, botanical, and textile evidence suggest that Quilcapampa's residents maintained interregional interactions throughout the site's short occupation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Reconstructing Middle Horizon Camelid Diets and Foddering Practices: Microbotanical and Isotope Analyses of Dental Remains from Quilcapampa, Peru

Melton¹,

Alaica

Biwer

et al. 2023

Latin Am. antiq.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This study uses isotope and microbotanical data from the analysis of teeth and dental calculus to investigate camelid diet and foddering practices at Quilcapampa (AD 835–900). By providing taxonomically specific evidence of foods consumed, botanical data from dental calculus complement the more general impressions of photosynthetic pathways obtained through isotopic analysis. Results suggest that the camelid diet incorporated maize (Zea mays), algarrobo (Prosopis sp.), potato chuño (Solanum sp.), and other resources. The life-history profile of one camelid (Individual 3) reveals dietary change from mainly C3 plants to more C4 plant contributions as the animal aged. This pattern is supported by carbonate isotope results indicating that this individual spent its youth in the mid-valley ecozone before becoming more mobile later in life. As this life-history example shows, isotopic and microbotanical analyses are complementary approaches, clarifying a pattern of seasonal transhumance that linked the lives of humans and animals along the Middle Horizon (AD 600–1000) caravan networks that crisscrossed the central Andes.

show abstract

“…During the Middle Horizon, new settlements were founded along Arequipa's intervalley roads that show intense engagement with Wari material identity. Road settlements such as Corralones (Cardona Rosas 2002) and Millo (Nigra et al 2017) show architectural similarities to Wari syntax and ceremonial space; however, their relationship with the Wari state remains unclear. In the Majes Valley, excavations at Santa Rosa II and La Angostura indicate dual waystation and ceremonial functions that centered around local placemaking, rather than Wari ideology (Reid 2020).…”

Section: Bottom-up Exchange Networkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Obsidian Procurement and Exchange at the Apogee of Empire: Wari Political Economy in Arequipa, Peru

Reid,

Williams,

Cardona Rosas

et al. 2024

Latin Am. antiq.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

During the Middle Horizon (AD 600–1000), obsidian was transported in greater quantities and distances than ever before identified in the Andes, in part by the expansionary Wari state. Two of the three major obsidian sources used in the south-central Andes are located in the modern department of Arequipa, Peru. Arequipa was a region of intense Wari influence and intrusive presence; however, little is known about regional obsidian use. Portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) and laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) were used to analyze 383 obsidian artifacts recovered from 10 archaeological sites in Arequipa. Results highlight diachronic and spatial patterning related to obsidian procurement strategies, state versus bottom-up exchange networks, and local participation within the Wari realm. A wide variety of geological obsidian sources, including nonlocal obsidians originating from Wari's Ayacucho heartland, were used. By the late Middle Horizon, the Wari had consolidated regional resources with the sole use of Alca-1 and Alca-4 bedrock obsidians, the largest-sized and highest-quality sources in the area. We assess related models of obsidian procurement and exchange related to state political economy, long-distance caravan activity, and the role of local ceremonial/waystation centers that facilitated the flow of ideas, goods, and people across Arequipa.

show abstract

Reconstructing the built environment of the Millo Complex, Vitor Valley, Peru

Cited by 10 publications

References 27 publications

Endemic violence in a pre‐Hispanic Andean community: A bioarchaeological study of cranial trauma from the Majes Valley, Peru

Endemic violence in a pre‐Hispanic Andean community: A bioarchaeological study of cranial trauma from the Majes Valley, Peru

Reconstructing Middle Horizon Camelid Diets and Foddering Practices: Microbotanical and Isotope Analyses of Dental Remains from Quilcapampa, Peru

Obsidian Procurement and Exchange at the Apogee of Empire: Wari Political Economy in Arequipa, Peru

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About