Rectilinear 3-D ultrasound imaging using synthetic aperture techniques

Daher, Nadim Michel; Yen, Jeannette

doi:10.1109/ultsym.2004.1418020

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…A possible solution to these problems is to employ rowcolumn (RC) array probes [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]. Here, the matrix elements are addressed as either rows or columns as shown in Fig.…”

Section: A History Of Row-column Imagingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The group by Yen at the University of Southern California, USA has also fabricated a number of arrays and extensively investigated their performance. Initial simulations of a 256×256 row-column array were presented in [8] with more extensive simulations in [9]. Results from a 64 × 64 PZT array operating at 5.6 MHz were shown in [10] and later for an impressive 256 × 256 PZT array operating at 6.4 MHz with a size of 40 × 40 mm [12].…”

Section: A History Of Row-column Imagingmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Anatomic and Functional Imaging Using Row–Column Arrays

Jensen

Schou

Jorgensen

et al. 2022

IEEE Trans. Ultrason., Ferroelect., Freq. Contr.

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Row-column (RC) arrays have the potential to yield full three-dimensional ultrasound imaging with a greatly reduced number of elements compared to fully populated arrays. They, however, have several challenges due to their special geometry. This review paper summarizes the current literature for RC imaging and demonstrate that full anatomic and functional imaging can attain a high quality using synthetic aperture (SA) sequences and modified delay-and-sum beamforming. Resolution can approach the diffraction limit with an isotropic resolution of half a wavelength with low side-lobe levels, and the field-ofview can be expanded by using convex or lensed RC probes. GPU beamforming allows for 3 orthogonal planes to be beamformed at 30 Hz, providing near real time imaging ideal for positioning the probe and improving the operator's workflow. Functional imaging is also attainable using transverse oscillation and dedicated SA sequence for tensor velocity imaging for revealing the full 3-D velocity vector as a function of spatial position and time for both blood velocity and tissue motion estimation. Using RC arrays with commercial contrast agents can reveal super resolution imaging with isotropic resolution below 20 µm. RC arrays can, thus, yield full 3-D imaging at high resolution, contrast, and volumetric rates for both anatomic and functional imaging with the same number of receive channels as current commercial 1-D arrays.

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Section: A History Of Row-column Imagingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A History Of Row-column Imagingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anatomic and Functional Imaging Using Row–Column Arrays

Jensen

Schou

Jorgensen

et al. 2022

IEEE Trans. Ultrason., Ferroelect., Freq. Contr.

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“…Various array design and processing techniques have been proposed for 3-D/4-D imaging, such as minimally redundant array [7], sparse array [8,9,10,11,12], spiral array, synthetic aperture [12,13], phased sub-arrays [14,15], and row-column addressing array [16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another effective method to reduce the front-end complexity of 3-D ultrasound system with 2-D array is row-column addressing (RCA) [16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27]. The design utilizes a two-layer electrode pattern where the top layer electrodes in the same row or column are connected together with a switch to the ground (switch channel), and the bottom layer electrodes in the same column or row are connected together serving as one signal channel of the system (Figure 1).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Design and Analysis of Split Row-Column Addressing Array for 2-D Transducer

Jia

Ding

et al. 2016

Sensors

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For 3-D ultrasound imaging, the row-column addressing (RCA) with 2N connections for an N × N 2-D array makes the fabrication and interconnection simpler than the fully addressing with N2 connections. However, RCA degrades the image quality because of defocusing in signal channel direction in the transmit event. To solve this problem, a split row-column addressing scheme (SRCA) is proposed in this paper. Rather than connecting all the elements in the signal channel direction together, this scheme divides the elements in the signal channel direction into several disconnected blocks, thus enables focusing beam access in both signal channel and switch channel directions. Selecting an appropriate split scheme is the key for SRCA to maintaining a reasonable tradeoff between the image quality and the number of connections. Various split schemes for a 32 × 32 array are fully investigated with point spread function (PSF) analysis and imaging simulation. The result shows the split scheme with five blocks (4, 6, 12, 6, and 4 elements of each block) can provide similar image quality to fully addressing. The splitting schemes for different array sizes from 16 × 16 to 96 × 96 are also discussed.

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“…different techniques to improve the resolution, sensitivity, or frame rate of row-column-addressed arrays were explored theoretically by daher et al [11], [12] and yen [13] using synthetic aperture techniques and spatial matched filters. recently, rasmussen and Jensen used a fully addressed 32 × 32 array in a measurement study to compare the imaging performance of a fully addressed array to that of a row-column-addressed array [14].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

3-D imaging using row–column-addressed arrays with integrated apodization— part ii: transducer fabrication and experimental results

Christiansen

Rasmussen

Bagge³

et al. 2015

IEEE Trans. Ultrason., Ferroelect., Freq. Contr.

105

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This paper demonstrates the fabrication, characterization, and experimental imaging results of a 62+62 element λ/2-pitch row-column-addressed capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) array with integrated apodization. A new fabrication process was used to manufacture a 26.3 mm by 26.3 mm array using five lithography steps. The array includes an integrated apodization, presented in detail in Part I of this paper, which is designed to reduce the amplitude of the ghost echoes that are otherwise prominent for row-column-addressed arrays. Custom front-end electronics were produced with the capability of transmitting and receiving on all elements, and the option of disabling the integrated apodization. The center frequency and -6-dB fractional bandwidth of the array elements were 2.77 ± 0.26 MHz and 102 ± 10%, respectively. The surface transmit pressure at 2.5 MHz was 590 ± 73 kPa, and the sensitivity was 0.299 ± 0.090 V/Pa. The nearest neighbor crosstalk level was -23.9 ± 3.7 dB, while the transmit-to-receive-elements crosstalk level was -40.2 ± 3.5 dB. Imaging of a 0.3-mm-diameter steel wire using synthetic transmit focusing with 62 single-element emissions demonstrated axial and lateral FWHMs of 0.71 mm and 1.79 mm (f-number: 1.4), respectively, compared with simulated axial and lateral FWHMs of 0.69 mm and 1.76 mm. The dominant ghost echo was reduced by 15.8 dB in measurements using the integrated apodization compared with the disabled configuration. The effect was reproduced in simulations, showing a ghost echo reduction of 18.9 dB.

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Rectilinear 3-D ultrasound imaging using synthetic aperture techniques

Cited by 6 publications

References 5 publications

Anatomic and Functional Imaging Using Row–Column Arrays

Anatomic and Functional Imaging Using Row–Column Arrays

The Design and Analysis of Split Row-Column Addressing Array for 2-D Transducer

3-D imaging using row–column-addressed arrays with integrated apodization— part ii: transducer fabrication and experimental results

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