Recurrence Risks in Congenital Anomalies: A Comprehensive Guide for Parental Counseling

Abstract

Congenital anomalies present significant health challenges globally, affecting millions of children and contributing to mortality, morbidity, and disability. The immediate health needs of a fetus/neonate diagnosed with a congenital anomaly can overshadow discussions about future reproductive risks. This review explores the broad landscape of recurrence risks in common congenital anomalies and summarizes the implications for parental counseling.