Recycled water: Potential health risks from volatile organic compounds and use of 1,4-dichlorobenzene as treatment performance indicator

Rodríguez, Clemencia; Linge, Kathryn L.; Blair, Palenque; Busetti, Francesco; Devine, Brian; Buynder, Paul Van; Weinstein, Philip; Cook, Angus

doi:10.1016/j.watres.2011.10.032

Cited by 23 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Like the DBPs, six of the eight VOCs that were frequently detected in RO permeate (chloromethane, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, p-xylene and carbon disulphide) also increased in concentration during MF/RO treatment (Rodriguez et al 2012). As discussed previously, chloromethane is probably formed during chloramination.…”

Section: Occurrence Of Chemicals In Ro Permeatementioning

confidence: 57%

“…In contrast, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and p-xylene are all aromatic compounds associated with gasoline or diesel exhaust (Watson et al 2001) or with oil refinery emissions (Scheff and Wadden 1993). KWRP is located on the site of an oil refinery and the increases during MF/RO treatment have been attributed to atmospheric exposure during MF treatment (Rodriguez et al 2012). It is not clear whether increases in carbon disulphide, a volatile solvent with poor rejection, can also be attributed to this exposure as carbon disulphide is not normally associated with petrol-based contamination, and was also evident at BPP, which was not influenced by oil refinery omissions (Rodriguez et al 2012).…”

Section: Occurrence Of Chemicals In Ro Permeatementioning

confidence: 99%

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Chemicals in reverse osmosis-treated wastewater: occurrence, health risk, and contribution to residual dissolved organic carbon

Linge

Blair

Busetti

et al. 2012

Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua

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The quality and safety of reverse osmosis (RO)-treated secondary wastewater, for indirect potable re-use, was assessed using a dataset of 375 chemicals measured in RO-treated wastewater. A screening health risk assessment indicated that four N-nitrosamines were of potential concern, although median concentrations of these chemicals were always below health values. The most frequently detected chemicals in RO-treated water were disinfection by-products, volatile organic compounds, metals and complexing agents, in contrast to many monitoring programs that focus on pharmaceuticals, personal care products and hormones. Frequent detections in RO-treated wastewater were most related to high concentrations in secondary wastewater, relative to limit of reporting, and the potential for chemicals to form or be added during the treatment process, rather than poor rejection by RO membranes. Between 3.7 and 10.7 μg/L of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in RO permeate could be attributed from chemicals detected on at least one occasion, with the majority of this total attributed to chemicals detected in less than 25% of samples. While chemicals below detection may contribute a significant component of DOC, it is likely that natural organic matter and soluble microbial products still contribute the majority of DOC to RO permeate. 2A high degree of safety is demonstrated for the use of RO-treated wastewater as an indirect source of potable water.

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Section: Occurrence Of Chemicals In Ro Permeatementioning

confidence: 57%

Section: Occurrence Of Chemicals In Ro Permeatementioning

confidence: 99%

Chemicals in reverse osmosis-treated wastewater: occurrence, health risk, and contribution to residual dissolved organic carbon

Linge

Blair

Busetti

et al. 2012

Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua

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“…[18][19][20][21][22] Having been so extensively studied, by both experimental [23][24][25][26][27] and computational [28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36] means, lends this class of reactions to be an outstanding starting position for benchmarking and refining new computational methods and techniques. In particular, the chloride/methyl chloride reaction is a strong candidate as a prototype reaction as it has been quite extensively studied in order to understand the exact nature of the transition state in the gas and condensed phases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantum mechanical study of solvent effects in a prototype SN2 reaction in solution: Cl− attack on CH3Cl

Kuechler

York

2014

The Journal of Chemical Physics

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The nucleophilic attack of a chloride ion on methyl chloride is an important prototype S N 2 reaction in organic chemistry that is known to be sensitive to the effects of the surrounding solvent. Herein, we develop a highly accurate Specific Reaction Parameter (SRP) model based on the Austin Model 1 Hamiltonian for chlorine to study the effects of solvation into an aqueous environment on the reaction mechanism. To accomplish this task, we apply high-level quantum mechanical calculations to study the reaction in the gas phase and combined quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical simulations with TIP3P and TIP4P-ew water models and the resulting free energy profiles are compared with those determined from simulations using other fast semi-empirical quantum models. Both gas phase and solution results with the SRP model agree very well with experiment and provide insight into the specific role of solvent on the reaction coordinate. Overall, the newly parameterized SRP Hamiltonian is able to reproduce both the gas phase and solution phase barriers, suggesting it is an accurate and robust model for simulations in the aqueous phase at greatly reduced computational cost relative to comparably accurate ab initio and density functional models. © 2014 AIP Publishing LLC. [http://dx

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“…p-DCB is poorly soluble in water and is not easily broken down by soil organisms. However, like many hydrocarbons, p-DCB is lipophilic and will accumulate in the fatty tissues, which can induce liver cancer [15] and other potential health risks [16]. Alternatively, further exploring an enduring method for efficiently treating and/or recycling of p-DCB is still meaningful for scientists [17][18][19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pronounced improvement of supercapacitor capacitance by using redox active electrolyte of p-phenylenediamine

Zhang

Zhu

Chen

et al. 2015

Electrochimica Acta

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Recycled water: Potential health risks from volatile organic compounds and use of 1,4-dichlorobenzene as treatment performance indicator

Cited by 23 publications

References 25 publications

Chemicals in reverse osmosis-treated wastewater: occurrence, health risk, and contribution to residual dissolved organic carbon

Chemicals in reverse osmosis-treated wastewater: occurrence, health risk, and contribution to residual dissolved organic carbon

Quantum mechanical study of solvent effects in a prototype SN2 reaction in solution: Cl− attack on CH3Cl

Pronounced improvement of supercapacitor capacitance by using redox active electrolyte of p-phenylenediamine

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