Recycling lithium-ion batteries: adding value with multiple lives

Wu, Jimmy; Mackenzie, Andrew; Sharma, Neeraj

doi:10.1039/d0gc00269k

Cited by 34 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…Lithium (Li) is the most important strategic resource in the 21st century and widely used as an energy metal, − especially for Li-ion batteries (LIBs) because of its high charge density. − Compared with traditional batteries, LIBs have the advantages of high energy, long life, high rated voltage, large power capacity, and low self-discharge rate. − A sharp expansion of the LIB industry has brought heavy burden to the supply of metals (such as Li and Co), leading to the rapid growth of the number of spent LIBs. The number of scrapped LIBs per year is expected to reach 500,000 tons by 2021 and will increase to 900,000 tons by 2023. − The LIBs consist of a cathode, an anode, an electrolyte, and a separator .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainable and Convenient Recovery of Valuable Metals from Spent Li-Ion Batteries by a One-Pot Extraction Process

Chen

et al. 2021

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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Spent Li-ion battery (LIB) recovery has become the hot research area due to its surge in quantity and release of heavy metals and toxic substances harmful to the environment. Green and efficient recovery methods are of great significance for the recovery of valuable metals. Herein, an oxalic acid-based deep eutectic solvent (DES) with the weak acidic character and reducibility of oxalic acid was designed for the recovery of valuable metals from spent LIBs via a sustainable and convenient process. Nearly 96.1% of Li and 96.3% of Co can be extracted from lithium cobalt oxide at 120 °C. The DES can extract valuable metals from cathode materials and separate metal ions by itself after extraction without destroying its own structure in a one-pot extraction process. The composition and the structure of DES have been maximum retained and could be intact recycled for another recovery process. After five cycles, the Li and Co extraction efficiencies were maintained above 92.9 and 74.5%, respectively. This work provides a sustainable one-pot recovery process with inexpensive and simple operations for valuable metal recovery from spent LIBs.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainable and Convenient Recovery of Valuable Metals from Spent Li-Ion Batteries by a One-Pot Extraction Process

Chen

et al. 2021

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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“…Moreover, the mining and extraction of Li are extremely complicated and expensive, involving 250 tons of spodumene or 750 tons of rich ore brine and 1900 tons of water to produce 1 ton of Li. By comparison, 28 tons of spent LIBs are required to obtain the exact weight of Li through recycling [10]. Therefore, spent LFP has a high recovery value because of its rich Li content.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To date, researchers primarily focus on the recovery of valuable metals in nickel-cobalt metal oxides (such as LiCoO 2 , LiNi x Co y Mn z O 2 , and LiNi x Co y Al z O 2 ) [10]. Commercially used recovery technologies include pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A unique co-recovery strategy of cathode and anode from spent LiFePO4 battery

Meng

Zhao

et al. 2021

Sci. China Mater.

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Along with the explosive growth in the market of new energy electric vehicles, the demand for Li-ion batteries (LIBs) has correspondingly expanded. Given the limited life of LIBs, numbers of spent LIBs are bound to be produced. Because of the severe threats and challenges of spent LIBs to the environment, resources, and global sustainable development, the recycling and reuse of spent LIBs have become urgent. Herein, we propose a novel green and efficient direct recycling method, which realizes the concurrent reuse of LiFePO 4 (LFP) cathode and graphite anode from spent LFP batteries. By optimizing the proportion of LFP and graphite, a hybrid LFP/ graphite (LFPG) cathode was designed for a new type of dualion battery (DIB) that can achieve co-participation in the storage of both anions and cations. The hybrid LFPG cathode combines the excellent stability of LFP and the high conductivity of graphite to exhibit an extraordinary electrochemical performance. The best compound, i.e., LFP:graphite = 3:1, with the highest reversible capacity (~130 mA h g −1 at 25 mA g −1 ), high voltage platform of 4.95 V, and outstanding cycle performance, was achieved. The specific diffusion behavior of Li + and PF 6 − in the hybrid cathode was studied using electrode kinetic tests, further clarifying the working mechanism of DIBs. This study provides a new strategy toward the large-scale recycling of positive and negative electrodes of spent LIBs and establishes a precedent for designing new hybrid cathode materials for DIBs with superior performance using spent LIBs.

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“…In the era of rapid development of industry, lithium-ion batteries, as the best energy storage equipment, will lead to irreversible phase change and scrap in the process of repeated charging and discharging. , Therefore, the recycling of waste lithium-ion batteries has become a hot issue of social concern. It is estimated that more than 11 million tons of waste lithium-ion battery packs will be discarded from 2017 to 2030. , Waste of lithium-ion batteries contain a lot of valuable metals . In addition, the flammable and toxic wastes generated in the disposal process of waste lithium-ion batteries will cause serious environmental pollution if they are not treated appropriately. , Therefore, the recycling of waste lithium-ion batteries has become the best choice, which provides significant social and economic benefits and global sustainability …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dual-Function Regeneration of Waste Lithium Cobalt Oxide for Stable High Voltage Cycle Performance

Fei

Zhang

Meng

et al. 2021

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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With the development of society and increased demand for clean energy, as an efficient energy storage device, lithium-ion batteries are widely used in various fields. As they fail, a large number of waste lithium-ion batteries will be produced. If not handled properly, it will not only cause the loss of nonferrous metals but also cause serious environmental pollution. This article proposes a new concept of using waste lithium-ion battery material to directly reuse it for the next generation of secondary batteries. It is a new strategy to prepare a dual-function regeneration material by direct regeneration technology, which is not limited to the traditional idea of valuable metal recovery, and solve the problem of raw material source and waste recycling of the new battery system. Waste lithium cobaltite cathode powder was used to supplement the metal ions Li+, Mg2+, and Ce4+ for heat treatment. The demand of direct regeneration and synergistic modification was achieved in a green and efficient way. The discharge capacity of the material is 226.346 mAh/g at 4.6 V. In this study, the dual-function regeneration strategy is expected to accelerate the industrialization process of waste lithium-ion batteries.

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Recycling lithium-ion batteries: adding value with multiple lives

Abstract: A mixed metal compound from separation and processing of spent batteries is demonstrated to be feasible as a “second-life” anode.

Cited by 34 publications

References 64 publications

Sustainable and Convenient Recovery of Valuable Metals from Spent Li-Ion Batteries by a One-Pot Extraction Process

Sustainable and Convenient Recovery of Valuable Metals from Spent Li-Ion Batteries by a One-Pot Extraction Process

A unique co-recovery strategy of cathode and anode from spent LiFePO4 battery

Dual-Function Regeneration of Waste Lithium Cobalt Oxide for Stable High Voltage Cycle Performance

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