Recycling NR/SBR waste using probe sonication as a new devulcanizing method; study on influencing parameters

Shabani, Marzieh; Jamshidi, Masoud

doi:10.1039/d2ra04726h

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Hence, rubber reclaiming is effective recycling method applied to the waste rubber tire. It uses mechanical, thermal, thermo-mechanical, chemo-thermomechanical, and irradiation energies to break down vulcanized bonds in vulcanized rubber networks [8]. The main rubber components of tires compose natural rubber (NR), butadiene rubber (BR), and styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving the Performance of Wood Adhesive with Waste Rubber Tire

et al. 2023

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Reclaimed rubber (RR) from waste tires was introduced as a wood adhesive by blending with epoxidized natural rubber (ENR). To improve the polarity of RR and compatibility with ENR, maleic anhydride (MA) was grafted onto RR chains. Influences of RR and RR-g-MA (maleic anhydride grafted reclaimed rubber) on the adhesion of wood adhesive along with their properties such as crosslinking, mechanical properties, thermal stability, and wettability were studied. It was found that RR and RR-g-MA affect the vulcanization of ENR by increasing crosslink density. Especially, in the case of using RR-g-MA generates a new form of an ester linkage. The higher crosslink density together with the formation of ester linkages results in superior thermal stability by the addition of RR-g-MA. In addition, the incorporation of RR exhibited an increase in the lap shear strength when compared with the pure ENR. This improvement is due to the increased crosslink density because the presence of RR resulted in the enhanced cohesive strength of rubber adhesive. Additionally, the incorporation of RR-g-MA showed higher efficiency to improve the adhesion of rubber adhesive. The addition of RR-g-MA has not only enhanced the cohesive strength of rubber adhesive, but also increased the adhesive strength from the interaction between the hydroxy group in cellulose on the wood surface and the polar functional group (i.e., oxirane rings of ENR, maleic group of RR-g-MA and ester group of ester linkage) of rubber adhesive. Therefore, the cohesive fracture was observed in ENR/RR-g-MA adhesive. HIGHLIGHTS The worn-out rubber tire as a mass waste can be utilized to develop effective adhesives The addition of maleic anhydride grafted reclaimed rubber caused to generate new ester linkage between epoxidized natural rubber chains The epoxidized natural rubber vulcanizates with maleic anhydride grafted reclaimed rubber showed superior thermal stability The addition of maleic anhydride grafted reclaimed rubber enhanced the adhesive strength of rubber adhesive from the interaction between hydroxy group in cellulose on the wood surface and the polar functional group of rubber adhesive GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving the Performance of Wood Adhesive with Waste Rubber Tire

et al. 2023

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“…It was reported that σ, E b , cure rate index (CRI), M L, and M H were enhanced while t S2 and t C90 were reduced with the incorporation of a self-healing modifier in the NR/BR composite. Marzieh Shabani et al 15 examined the crumb particles (vitax 0.6, vitax 1.2, and diphenyl disulphide) blended with an NR/SBR (50/50) composite. It was noted that the CRI, M L , and M H were enhanced while the σ was decreased by the addition of vitax 0.6 in NR/SBR composites over other combinations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of mechanical properties and microstructural analysis of polymeric waste strengthened hybrid composites

Kaliyappan

Dhananchezian

2023

Journal of Elastomers & Plastics

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In this work, investigated the mechanical properties and microstructure of Ground Tyre Rubber (GTR) i.e. polymeric waste blended with Natural Rubber (NR), Butadiene Rubber (BR), and Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR) composites. A two-roll mill and hydraulic press were used to create NR (70 parts per hundred of rubber (phr)) composites with 25 phr of BR and 5 phr of SBR and various proportions of GTR (0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 phr). With the incorporation of Nylon 6 (Ny 6) at 5 phr, the interfacial adhesion of NR/BR/SBR composites was improved. NR-based hybrid composites with mechanical and curing properties were enhanced and compared with pure NR. It was noted that the maximum tensile strength, tear strength, and hardness were enhanced by 77.74%, 17.9%, and 36.4% in NR/BR/SBR/GTR (70/25/5/40) over pure NR. The elongation at break was decreased by 54.55%, while young’s modulus was enhanced in NR/BR/SBR/GTR (70/25/5/40) over pure NR. With the incorporation of 40 phr of GTR in the NR/BR/SBR composites, cure properties like scorch time (tS2) and cure time (tC90) were reduced by 53.97% and 65.71%, while the minimum torque (ML) and maximum torque (MH) were enriched by 13.35% and 12%, respectively, when compared with the pure NR. Based on the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), GTR particles were uniformly distributed, and the thermal stability was enhanced by 25.40% in NR/BR/SBR/GTR (70/25/5/40) composites over pure NR. The absorption bands of NR, BR, SBR, and GTR elements in the developed hybrid composite were identified by Fourier transform infrared. The glass transition temperature (Tg) was diminished from -58.17°C to -63.42°C. With the inclusion of 40 phr of GTR in the NR/BR/SBR composite. Finally, it was recommended that the incorporation of 40 phr of GTR is suitable for NR/BR/SBR composites.

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“…devulcanization of the shell of particles) and devulcanization content improved by decrement in the particle size of the particles. Shabani et al 14 devulcanized NR/SBR waste by probe sonication and assessed the success of process using determination of sol/gel contents and crosslink densities before and after devulcanization. They also claimed that partial devulcanization occurred through probe sonication that its performance depend on the sonication power/time and chemical agent type.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using a facile method to predict properties of recycled waste nitrile rubber (NBR) through devulcanization

Ghowsi,

Jamshidi

2023

Sci Rep

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To prepare a reliable method for predicting the properties of devulcanized rubbers a nitrile rubber (NBR) compound was prepared and masticated before vulcanization for 0, 30 and 60 min under mechanical stress to prepare NBRs with different molecular weights. The masticated samples were vulcanized at different accelerator contents to prepare damples with different crosslink densities. The physical/mechanical/thermal properties (i.e. crosslink density, tensile strength, modulus, modulus at 100 and 300% elongation, elongation at break, hardness, curing behavior and molecular weight) of the samples were experimentally evaluated. In the next step, the prepared samples were assumed as devulcanized NBRs that underwent chains scission (masticated samples) or crosslinks breakage (vulcanized at different accelerator contents). On this basis, hypothetical devulcanization routes were considered between each sample that underwent chains scission or crosslinks breakage. Based on the results, numerical relationships between the number of chains scission or crosslinks breakage and decrease in the properties were obtained. Finally, the numerical reationships were used to calculate the properties of the samples that underwent both of chains scission and crosslinks breakage. It was found that the calculated contents of hardness, modulus at 100% and molecular weight (MZ) using the prepared method were very close to the evaluated ones.

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Recycling NR/SBR waste using probe sonication as a new devulcanizing method; study on influencing parameters

Abstract: In this work, a vulcanized blend of natural rubber (NR) and styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) (i.e. at weight ratio of 50 : 50) as a model for tire rubber was devulcanized using probe sonicationP.

Cited by 7 publications

References 35 publications

Improving the Performance of Wood Adhesive with Waste Rubber Tire

Improving the Performance of Wood Adhesive with Waste Rubber Tire

Investigation of mechanical properties and microstructural analysis of polymeric waste strengthened hybrid composites

Using a facile method to predict properties of recycled waste nitrile rubber (NBR) through devulcanization

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