Red Phosphorus Potassium‐Ion Battery Anodes

Abstract

Phosphorus (P) possesses the highest theoretical specific capacity (865 mA h g −1 ) among all the elements for potassium‐ion battery (PIB) anodes. Although Red P (RP) has intrinsic advantages over its allotropes, including low cost and nontoxicity, and simpler preparation, it is yet unknown to effectively activate it into a high‐performance PIB anode. Here, high‐performance RP PIB anodes are reported. Two important factors are found to facilitate RP react with K‐ions reversibly: i) nanoscale RP particles are dispersed evenly in a conductive carbon matrix composed of multiwall carbon nanotubes and Ketjen black that provide an efficient electrical pathway and a tough scaffold. ii) The results of X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectrum and the electrochemical performance perhaps show that no P—C bond formation is beneficial to allow K‐ions to react with RP effectively. As a result, the RP/C electrodes deliver a reversible specific capacity of ≈750 mA h g −1 and exhibit a high‐rate capability (≈300 mA h g −1 at 1000 mA g −1 ). RP/C full cells using potassium manganese hexacyanoferrate as cathode show a long cycling life (680 cycles) at a current density of 1000 mA g −1 , in addition, a pouch‐type battery is built to demonstrate practical applications.

Wire-in-Wire TiO2/C Nanofibers Free-Standing Anodes for Li-Ion and K-Ion Batteries with Long Cycling Stability and High Capacity

“…Binding-free and free-standing anode materials for LIBs, including layered transition metal oxides and sulfides [ 6 , 7 ], have made great breakthroughs in flexible and wearable devices and other small portable electronic products. However, binding-free and free-standing anode materials for KIBs principally focus on red phosphorus or black phosphorus-doped carbon [ 8 , 9 ], the reports about oxides or sulfides as free-standing anode materials are few. Titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) has distinct advantages in battery materials because of its wonderful natural abundance, low cost, and stable crystal structure.…”

Advanced Anode Materials of Potassium Ion Batteries: from Zero Dimension to Three Dimensions

“… Cycle capacity of various PIBs anode materials reported recently. Sb 2 S 3 -SNG [ 38 ]; Co 3 O 4 -Fe 2 O 3 /C [ 39 ]; black phosphorus = BP [ 33 ]; Sn 4 P 3 /C [ 40 ]; CoS@G [ 41 ]; CNC [ 42 ]; PMC [ 43 ]; Sb@C [ 44 ]; P/C [ 45 ]; MoO 2 /rGO hollow sphere composites = MoO 2 /rGO [ 46 ]; Mn 3 O 4 @rGO [ 47 ]; SnP 3 /C [ 48 ]; SnO 2 nanoparticles anchored on carbon foam = SnO 2 @CF [ 49 ]; P@TBMC [ 50 ]; NCNF@CS [ 51 ]; alkalized Ti 3 C 2 MXene nanoribbons = Ti 3 C 2 [ 52 ]; chitin-derived NCNFs = C-NCNFs [ 53 ]; bamboo-like NCNTs = b-NCNTs [ 54 ]; MOF-derived NCNTs = M-NCNTs [ 55 ]; red P [ 56 ]; segment-like Sb nanorod encapsulated in hollow carbon tube = Sb/HCT [ 57 ]; K 2 Ti 6 O 13 [ 58 ]; Bi@C [ 59 ]; Ti 3 CNTz [ 60 ]; MoS 2 @rGO [ 61 ]; MoS 2 @SnO 2 @C [ 62 ]; graphene-like VSe 2 nanosheets = VSe 2 [ 63 ]; Few-layered SnS 2 nanosheets supported on rGO = SnS 2 /rGO [ 64 ]; FLNG [ 65 ]; PODG [ 66 ]; MoSe 2 /N–C [ 67 ]; EF-TNS [ 68 ]; FLP/rGO [ 69 ]; MoS 2 [ 70 ]; K 2 Ti 6 O 13 [ 71 ]; NP-Sb [ 72 ]; NP-Ge [ 73 ]; activated carbon = AC [ 74 ]; Co 3 [Co(CN) 6 ] 2 [ 75 ]; HPCS [ 76 ]; N/O co-doped mesoporous carbon octahedrons = NOHPHC [ ...…”

State-of-the-art anodes of potassium-ion batteries: synthesis, chemistry, and applications

“… 83 Considering that the effective utilization of RP as an active material in KIBs had not been well-studied, Tuan et al attempted a one-pot milling approach to prepare activated RP/C-based KIB electrodes composed of RP, multi-wall carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and Ketjen black, wherein the RP NPs were evenly dispersed in a carbon matrix with desirable electrical pathways and strong scaffolds. 95 Notably, there was no P–C bond formed in the composite, which might be beneficial for the effective reaction between K-ions and RP ( Fig. 4f ).…”