Redressing urban isolation: A multi-city case study in India

Ali, Sameer; George, Abraham

doi:10.1016/j.jum.2022.04.006

Cited by 10 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 60 publications

(79 reference statements)

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“…Increased urbanization has many side effects, including the displacement of the poor, along with social isolation and an accompanying sense of anonymity -even though, compared to rural locations, people are in signi cantly closer physical proximity with each other (13). Under such circumstances, the rapid social change brought by urbanization can lead to weaker social connections and an increase in normlessness or anomie (14).…”

Section: Anomiementioning

confidence: 99%

How Social Norms Can Diffuse through Social Networks: A Study of Childhood Vaccination Attitudes and Norms in Varanasi, India

Alperstein,

Rimal,

Jamison

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Background Childhood immunization rates in the urban slums of India are suboptimal. Rapid urbanization is associated with decreased connection to government resources and fewer social interactions between neighbors. The role of social capital in the dissemination of vaccine information is understudied, particularly in this urban slum context. This research explores the social networks of caregivers in Varanasi, India with an eye toward the connection between network structures and the development of social norm networks related to childhood immunization. Methods We performed a social network analysis for community detection to visualize the social structure that may influence normative beliefs around childhood immunization. We surveyed 2,058 caregivers living in slum areas of Varanasi, India about childhood immunization practices. Respondents also provided the names of three close contacts with whom they had discussed childhood immunization. We created an index to measure participants’ adherence to descriptive norms and another one to measure their adherence to injunctive norms related to childhood immunization. We then used Gephi software to visualize and analyze the social networks of all respondents and the norm networks based on participants’ strength of adherence to descriptive and injunctive norms. Results The analysis uncovered a narrow network of influence comprising mostly of distant and immediate family members, which may speak to a lack of community development in the urban areas we surveyed. The lack of interaction within the broader community – friends, and neighbors, among others - may have implications regarding vaccine intentions, vaccine hesitancy, and beliefs about vaccine safety. Our study of these norm networks indicates caregivers hold strong beliefs regarding childhood immunization, but for half of those in this study, normative beliefs were not as strong. Conclusions Understanding social networks and norms is important for encouraging childhood immunization in low-and middle-income countries. Close-knit social networks hold the potential to influence beliefs about childhood immunization, which may impact the role of public health, state, or government-sponsored communication that might promote greater engagement in childhood immunization efforts. We recommend that healthcare practitioners go beyond an individual-to-network model to consider a network-to-network model of influence.

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Section: Anomiementioning

confidence: 99%

How Social Norms Can Diffuse through Social Networks: A Study of Childhood Vaccination Attitudes and Norms in Varanasi, India

Alperstein,

Rimal,

Jamison

et al. 2024

Preprint

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“…From the land cover model, it is evident that the area consists of both vegetation, water, and built-up. As Ernakulam comprises cities and villages, the propagation model should satisfy the criteria for urban, suburban, and rural area propagation effects [27]. The types of propagation models and their characteristics are shown in Table 2.…”

Section: Site Specific Propagation Model Selection Criteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

Delay and Energy Efficient Offloading Strategies for an IoT Integrated Water Distribution System in Smart Cities

Velayudhan,

Devidas

et al. 2024

Smart Cities

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In the fast-moving world of information and communications technologies, one significant issue in metropolitan cities is water scarcity and the need for an intelligent water distribution system for sustainable water management. An IoT-based monitoring system can improve water distribution system management and mitigate challenges in the distribution network networks such as leakage, breakage, theft, overflow, dry running of pumps and so on. However, the increase in the number of communication and sensing devices within smart cities has evoked challenges to existing communication networks due to the increase in delay and energy consumption within the network. The work presents different strategies for efficient delay and energy offloading in IoT-integrated water distribution systems in smart cities. Different IoT-enabled communication network topology diagrams are proposed, considering the different water network design parameters, land cover patterns and wireless channels for communication. From these topologies and by considering all the relevant communication parameters, the optimum communication network architecture to continuously monitor a water distribution network in a metropolitan city in India is identified. As a case study, an IoT design and analysis model is studied for a secondary metropolitan city in India. The selected study area is in Kochi, India. Based on the site-specific model and land use and land cover pattern, delay and energy modeling of the IoT-based water distribution system is discussed. Algorithms for node categorisation and edge-to-fog allocation are discussed, and numerical analyses of delay and energy models are included. An approximation of the delay and energy of the network is calculated using these models. On the basis of these study results, and state transition diagrams, the optimum placement of fog nodes linked with edge nodes and a cloud server could be carried out. Also, by considering different scenarios, up to a 40% improvement in energy efficiency can be achieved by incorporating a greater number of states in the state transition diagram. These strategies could be utilized in implementing delay and energy-efficient IoT-enabled communication networks for site-specific applications.

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Out-of-Pocket Payment and Catastrophic Health Expenditure Among Elderly and Non-elderly Households in India, 2004–2018

Mohanty

Singh

Akhtar

et al. 2023

Handbook of Aging, Health and Public Policy

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Redressing urban isolation: A multi-city case study in India

Cited by 10 publications

References 60 publications

How Social Norms Can Diffuse through Social Networks: A Study of Childhood Vaccination Attitudes and Norms in Varanasi, India

How Social Norms Can Diffuse through Social Networks: A Study of Childhood Vaccination Attitudes and Norms in Varanasi, India

Delay and Energy Efficient Offloading Strategies for an IoT Integrated Water Distribution System in Smart Cities

Out-of-Pocket Payment and Catastrophic Health Expenditure Among Elderly and Non-elderly Households in India, 2004–2018

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