Reduced resource consumption through three generations of Galantamine·HBr synthesis

10. From green chemistry principles in flow chemistry towards green flow process design in the holistic viewpoint

“…This evaluation step is followed by a characterization and quantification of environmental impacts associated with those inputs and outputs. They also applied this measure in the context of life-cycle based evaluation of pharmaceutical processes [35,36]. At this, the magnitude as well as the potency of the impacts is taken into account using equivalence factors in relation to a reference compound.…”

“…Van der Vorst et al [35,36] performed an exergetic LCA of a Galantamine⋅HBr synthesis for anti-Alzheimer medication. They searched for environmental improvements within the overall synthesis pathway of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in three processing alternatives (first-third generation).…”

“…Step 4b Van der Vorst et al [60] calculated a reduction in the overall resource consumption up to 41% due to the optimization of the first generation pathway by new chemistry in combination with flow processing. …”

“…Synthesis steps and their yields for the production of Galantamine⋅HBr evaluated by the LCA indicator CEENE[60].…”

“…Comparison of the batch and continuous production of 1 mol active intermediate (process step 6 of Galantamine⋅HBr production) at three different levels and excluding the previous production steps[60].…”