Reducing Exposure to High Fluoride Drinking Water in  Estonia—A Countrywide Study

Indermitte, Ene; Saava, Astrid; Karro, Enn

doi:10.3390/ijerph110303132

Cited by 15 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…According to the WHO guideline, fluoride concentrations between 0.5 to 1.5 mg/L provide optimum benefits to human health [2]. Exposure to high fluoride through drink water has been linked to endemic fluorosis [3,4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fluoride Occurrence and Human Health Risk in Drinking Water Wells from Southern Edge of Chinese Loess Plateau

Jia

Qian

et al. 2019

IJERPH

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Fluoride hydrogeochemistry and associated human health risks implications are investigated in several aquifers along the southern edge of the Chinese Loess Plateau. Locally, 64% shallow groundwater samples in loess aquifer exceed the fluoride limit (1.5 mg/L) with the maximum of 3.8 mg/L. Presently, the shallow groundwater is the main source of private wells for domestic use, and this is clearly a potential risk for human health. Hydrogeochemistry and stable isotopes are used to elucidate the diversity of occurrence mechanisms. Enrichment of fluoride in groundwater is largely controlled by the F-containing minerals dissolution. Furthermore, alkaline condition and calcium-removing processes promote water–rock interactions. Stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen (δD and δ18O) in study area waters demonstrate that groundwater in loess aquifer is old, which means groundwater remains in the aquifer for a long time. Long residence time induces sufficient water–rock interactions, which play significant roles in the resolution of fluoride minerals. Samples from the shallow loess aquifer show elevated fluoride levels, which may pose human health risk for both adults (60%) and children (94%) via oral intake. To ensure drinking water safety, management measures such as popularizing fluoride-removing techniques and optimizing water supply strategies need to be implemented.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fluoride Occurrence and Human Health Risk in Drinking Water Wells from Southern Edge of Chinese Loess Plateau

Jia

Qian

et al. 2019

IJERPH

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“…Access to safe drinking water is a fundamental human right [2], but universally providing such a service is still challenging for many low-income countries [3][4][5][6]. In certain regions, the situation is exacerbated by the occurrence of naturally occurring contaminants of which arsenic [4,7], fluoride [8,9] and uranium [10,11] are the most widespread [12,13]. Given that fluoride is often stable in water, and has a very small ionic size, it is very difficult to remove from the aqueous phase [8,[14][15][16][17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In certain regions, the situation is exacerbated by the occurrence of naturally occurring contaminants of which arsenic [4,7], fluoride [8,9] and uranium [10,11] are the most widespread [12,13]. Given that fluoride is often stable in water, and has a very small ionic size, it is very difficult to remove from the aqueous phase [8,[14][15][16][17]. High fluoride concentration (>1.5 mg/L) in drinking water causes dental and skeletal fluorosis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During the past eight decades, enormous technical efforts to supply low-income communities with fluoride-free water have shown very limited success [8,[15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. This sad situation has motivated the search for non-technical solutions, and culminated in the presentation of a concept based on rainwater harvesting (RWH) to supply the whole East African Rift Valley (EARV) with fluoride-free drinking water conforming to the World Health Organization standard of [F − ] < 1.5 mg L −1 [25].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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White Teeth and Healthy Skeletons for All: The Path to Universal Fluoride-Free Drinking Water in Tanzania

Ndé-Tchoupé

Tepong-Tsindé

Lufingo

et al. 2019

Water

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Fluorosis has been prevalent in the great East African Rift Valley (EARV) since before this region was given a name. In the Tanganyika days, Germans reported elevated fluoride concentrations in natural waters. In the 1930s, the clear relationship between high fluoride level and mottling of teeth was established. Since then, the global research community has engaged in the battle to provide fluoride-free drinking water, and the battle is not yet won for low-income communities. An applicable concept for fluoride-free drinking water in the EARV was recently presented, using the Kilimanjaro as a rainwater harvesting park. The Kilimanjaro concept implies that rainwater is harvested, stored on the Kilimanjaro mountains, gravity-transported to the point of use, eventually blended with natural water and treated for distribution. This article provides a roadmap for the implementation of the Kilimanjaro concept in Tanzania. Specifically, the current paper addresses the following: (i) presents updated nationwide information on fluoride contaminated areas, (ii) discusses the quality and quantity of rainwater, and current rainwater harvesting practices in Tanzania, (iii) highlights how low-cost water filters based on Fe0/biochar can be integrating into rainwater harvesting (RWH) systems to provide clean drinking water, and (iv) discusses the need for strict regulation of RWH practices to optimize water collection and storage, while simplifying the water treatment chain, and recommends strict analytical monitoring of water quality and public education to sustain public health in the EARV. In summary, it is demonstrated that, by combining rainwater harvesting and low-cots water treatment methods, the Kilimanjaro concept has the potential to provide clean drinking water, and overcome fluorosis on a long-term basis. However, a detailed design process is required to determine: (i) institutional roles, and community contributions and participation, (ii) optimal location and sizing of conveyance and storage facilities to avoid excessive pumping costs, and (iii) project funding mechanisms, including prospects for government subsidy. By drawing attention to the Kilimanjaro concept, the article calls for African engineers and scientists to take the lead in translating this concept into reality for the benefit of public health, while simultaneously increasing their self-confidence to address other developmental challenges pervasive in Africa.

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“…Fluorine is a useful trace element against dental caries and it hardens tooth enamel but it is harmful to human health when consumption exceeds the accepted threshold (Ene, 2014;Craig et al, 2015). It is proven that drinking water is the main source of fluorine in the human body.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the chemical quality of underground waters in the municipality of Dassa-zoumè

Djossou¹,

Adechina²,

Kèlomé³

et al. 2016

Int. J. Bio. Chem. Sci

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In some parts of Benin, like in many African countries, the fluorine rates contained in waters are higher than the rate recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) (0.7-1.5 mg-/-L). Fluorine is useful against dental caries and makes the tooth enamel stronger. Nevertheless, at a higher concentration, it stains on teeth, weakens bones or causes focal points that may eventually lead to deforming joint arthritis: fluorosis. The aim of this study was to contribute to the assessment of the quality of borehole water in the municipality of Dassa-Zoumè where fluorine contaminations had been proven. The multiparameter tool was used for the in-situ measurement of the physical and chemical parameters of the waters which were sampled. . But correlation appears with an increase in pH ranging from 6.4 to 7.08 for an average of 6.83. Generally, only waters of the Akofodjoulé district are all contents below the WHO standard for consumable water. The calcium content is also below standard.

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Reducing Exposure to High Fluoride Drinking Water in Estonia—A Countrywide Study

Cited by 15 publications

References 16 publications

Fluoride Occurrence and Human Health Risk in Drinking Water Wells from Southern Edge of Chinese Loess Plateau

Fluoride Occurrence and Human Health Risk in Drinking Water Wells from Southern Edge of Chinese Loess Plateau

White Teeth and Healthy Skeletons for All: The Path to Universal Fluoride-Free Drinking Water in Tanzania

Analysis of the chemical quality of underground waters in the municipality of Dassa-zoumè

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