Reduction of high content of free fatty acid in sludge palm oil via acid catalyst for biodiesel production

Hayyan, Adeeb; Alam, Md. Zahangir; Mirghani, Mohamed Elwathig Saeed; Kabbashi, Nassereldeen Ahmed; Hakimi, Noor Irma Nazashida Mohd; Siran, Yosri Mohd; Tahiruddin, Shawaluddin

doi:10.1016/j.fuproc.2010.12.011

Cited by 115 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Fig. 4(a and b) summarizes the optimal chemical usages and initial FFA levels from a combination of literature [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31], the NREL suggested value used by biodiesel producers, and data from this study. Fig.…”

Section: Optimization Of the Esterification Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Farage et al blended a mixture of soybean oil and sunflower oil at 1:1 ratio with oleic acid to create an oil with 8.50% FFA and found that the optimal chemical usage for esterification was 24:1 methanol-to-FFA molar ratio and 29.4% (weight relative to FFA) acid usage [24]. Hayyan et al found that the optimal dosages for a sludge palm oil (contains 23.2% FFA) were methanol-to-FFA molar ratio of 13:1 and acid amount of 3.23% (weight relative to FFA) [25]. Optimization of chemical usage is necessary for the oils with various FFA contents.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Esterification pretreatment of free fatty acid in biodiesel production, from laboratory to industry

Chai

et al. 2014

Fuel Processing Technology

233

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a b s t r a c t a r t i c l e i n f oIn the US, biodiesel producers usually follow the 19.8:1 methanol-to-FFA molar ratio for free fatty acid (FFA) esterification, as suggested by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) without optimization studies. In this paper, both laboratory studies and industrial practices of the esterification process were compared, and an optimization study of a used vegetable oil with 5% FFA was conducted. The optimal conditions of this oil, i.e., methanol-to-FFA molar ratio of 40:1, and sulfuric acid usage of 10%, fell out of the suggested range of 19.8:1. The activation energy of the esterification reaction is 20.7 kJ/mol at the optimized condition and 45.9 kJ/mol at the 19.8:1 methanol to FFA ratio. It was found that the 19.8:1 methanol-to-FFA molar ratio worked well only within the FFA range of 15-25% while the suggested 5% sulfuric acid worked well only within the FFA range of 15-35%. Outside these ranges, especially at FFA levels less than 15%, optimization study is necessary. Regression models of methanol and acid dosing have been utilized in two industrial scale biodiesel producing facilities and have successfully reduced the FFA level to less than 0.5%.

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Section: Optimization Of the Esterification Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Esterification pretreatment of free fatty acid in biodiesel production, from laboratory to industry

Chai

et al. 2014

Fuel Processing Technology

233

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“…The acid-catalyzed chemical reaction, also referred to as esterification, involves the reaction of FFAs and alcohol, yielding fatty acid alkyl ester and water 10 . The reduction of free fatty acids in different oils and fats by esterification has been proposed in many studies [11][12][13][14] . Acid catalysis is more tolerant to high FFA and moisture levels in the initial feedstock, and therefore, is more appropriate for low-quality oils 15,16 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Esterification of High Free Fatty Acid Rice Bran Oil: Parametric and Kinetic Study

Arora

Toor

Wanchoo

2016

Chem. Biochem. Eng. Q.

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“…However, glycerol residue is made up of free fatty acids and to make it suitable for bioconversion, there is a need for pretreatment through esterification (Hayyan et al, 2011), followed by trans-esterification using an alkali catalyst for onward conversion to glycerol. Meanwhile, agricultural wastes have attracted less attention in the area of pre-treatment and as a consequence, very limited data exist for pre-treatment of Oleochemical wastes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficient production of succinic acid in immobilized fermentation with crude glycerol from Escherichia coli

Aziati¹,

Sakinah²

2017

Food Res.

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The increase in the price of commercial succinic acid has necessitated the need for its synthesis from waste materials such as glycerol. Glycerol residue is a waste product of Oleochemical production which is cheaply available and a very good source of carbon. The use of immobilized cells can further reduce the overall cost of the production process. This study primarily aims to produce succinic acid from glycerol residue through the use of immobilized Escherichia coli in a batch fermentation process. The parameters which affect bacterial fermentation process such as the mass substrate, temperature, inoculum size and duration of fermentation were screened using One-Factor-At-a-Time (OFAT) method. The result of the screening process shows that a substrate (glycerol) concentration of 30 g, inoculum size 20% v/v, and time 4 h produced the maximum succinic acid concentration of 117.99 g/L. The immobilized cells were found to be stable as well as retain their fermentative ability up to the 6 th cycle of recycling, thereby presenting as an advantage over the free cell system. Therefore, conclude that using immobilized cells can contribute immensely to the cost-effective production of succinic acid from glycerol residue.

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Reduction of high content of free fatty acid in sludge palm oil via acid catalyst for biodiesel production

Cited by 115 publications

References 22 publications

Esterification pretreatment of free fatty acid in biodiesel production, from laboratory to industry

Esterification pretreatment of free fatty acid in biodiesel production, from laboratory to industry

Esterification of High Free Fatty Acid Rice Bran Oil: Parametric and Kinetic Study

Efficient production of succinic acid in immobilized fermentation with crude glycerol from Escherichia coli

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