Reduction of malodor by oral cleansing procedures

Helicobacter pylori infection, which causes peptic ulcers and gastric cancer, is considered a possible cause of halitosis. Recently, the oral cavity was identified as a possible H. pylori reservoir, particularly in the presence of periodontal disease, which is a cause of halitosis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate by PCR the prevalence of oral H. pylori in the saliva of subjects complaining of halitosis. Samples were obtained from 326 non-dyspeptic subjects, comprising 251 subjects with actual malodour and 75 subjects without halitosis. DNA was extracted from the samples, and the presence of H. pylori and periodontopathic bacteria including Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola and Prevotella intermedia was examined by PCR. H. pylori was detected in 21 (6.4 %) of 326 samples. The methyl mercaptan concentration and periodontal parameters including tooth mobility, periodontal pocket depth (PPD) and occult blood in the saliva were significantly greater in the H. pylori-positive subjects. Each of the periodontopathic bacteria was also detected at a significantly higher frequency in the H. pylori-positive subjects. Among those patients with a PPD of ¢5 mm and a tongue coating score of ¡2, no difference was observed in oral malodour levels between the H. pylori-positive and -negative subjects. However, the presence of occult blood in the saliva and the prevalence of Prevotella intermedia were significantly greater in the H. pylori-positive subjects. H. pylori was detected in 16 (15.7 %) of 102 subjects with periodontitis, suggesting that progression of periodontal pocket and inflammation may favour colonization by this species and that H. pylori infection may be indirectly associated with oral pathological halitosis following periodontitis. INTRODUCTIONHelicobacter pylori is a spiral, microaerophilic, Gramnegative bacterium that colonizes the human gastrointestinal tract, primarily the stomach (Covacci et al., 1999). It is also believed to be responsible for gastritis and peptic ulcers, and is a risk factor for gastric cancer (Dunn et al., 1992; Parsonnet et al., 1991;Warren & Marshall, 1983); however, the mode of transmission of H. pylori is poorly understood. Several studies have detected H. pylori in the human oral cavity, particularly in patients with gingivitis or chronic periodontitis (Anand et al., 2006; Gebara et al., 2006;Souto & Colombo, 2008), and have thus suggested that the oral cavity is the primary extragastric reservoir for H. pylori. In contrast, other studies have failed to find evidence supporting the role of the oral cavity as a major reservoir of H. pylori (Czesnikiewicz-Guzik et al., 2004;Loster et al., 2006).Halitosis is a common problem in humans, and oral malodour is largely caused by periodontitis, tongue debris, poor oral hygiene, deep caries, inadequately fitted restorations and endodontic lesions (Rosenberg et al., 1991;Tonzetich, 1977;Yoneda et al., 2006); specifically, it is primarily the result of the microbial metabolism of amino acids in local debris (Scully et al.,...

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“…CH 3 SCH 3 in the mouth air and ¢0.25 p.p.m. total VSCs (Tonzetich & Ng, 1976;Yaegaki & Coil, 2000).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Helicobacter pylori DNA in the saliva of patients complaining of halitosis

Suzuki

Yoneda

Naito

et al. 2008

Journal of Medical Microbiology

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“…Subjects were required not to have received antibiotic therapy within the previous 30 d. Volunteers were examined for oral malodor, measuring breath volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs), using the portable gas chromatograph OralChroma TM (Abimedical Co., Osaka, Japan). Halitosis was ascertained, meeting recruitment criterion, when all relevant breath sulfur compounds reached the following threshold values, which are organoleptically objectionable (26):…”

Section: Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of French Pine Bark Extract Chewing Gum on Oral Malodor and Salivary Bacteria

Watanabe

Hiramine

Toyama

et al. 2018

J Nutr Sci Vitaminol

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Summary Frequent or persistent malodor (halitosis) represents a considerable embarrassment to those affected. French pine bark extract, Pycnogenol ® (PYC), has displayed antibacterial activity against a broad range of bacterial species. In the present study, anticipated benefits of PYC on diminishing halitosis were investigated. Ten healthy males and 11 females, aged 40.1612.3 y, were recruited based on threshold breath sulfur compounds presence, diagnosed by portable gas chromatography. Subjects were randomly assigned to either sugar-free gums, or gums bearing an additional 2.5 mg PYC per piece. The subjects were required to consume two pieces of PYC or placebo gum six times daily for 15 min. The levels of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs), measured by OralChroma TM , and tongue-coating score were recorded at baseline, 2, and 4 wk. Hydrogen sulfide-producing bacteria in saliva were cultured on Brucella blood agar plates containing 0.05% cysteine, 0.12% glutathione, and 0.02% lead acetate. The group consuming PYC chewing gum reduced exhaled hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan and dimethyl sulfide significantly (p,0.01) after 2 wk versus baseline. Continuation of daily PYC-gum consumption for 4 wk remarkably lowered the tongue-coating score and exhaled hydrogen sulfide was significantly decreased compared to the placebo group. PYC chewing gum significantly reduced hydrogen sulfide-producing bacteria in saliva after 4 wk (p,0.01), with no effects observed in the placebo control. The results suggest that PYC chewing gum is effective in reducing oral malodor by decreasing the accumulation of tongue coating and the number of hydrogen sulfide-producing bacteria in saliva.

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“…Bu yöntemlerle elde edilen bulgular, oral malodorun primer olarak VSB ile ilişkili olduğunu işaret etmektedir. [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] VSB, ağızdaki gıda artıkları, hücreler, tükürük ve kanın pütrifikasyonu ve özellikle gram(-) bakterilerce üretilmektedir. [15][16][17] Problemli ve sağlıklı periodontal durumda, gram(-) bakteriler özellikle dil dorsumu üzerinde ve periodontal cep içerisinde kolonize olarak VSB'nin üretiminde büyük rol oynarlar.…”

Section: ----------------------------------------------------Gi̇ri̇şunclassified

Sınırlı Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Popülasyonunda Sosyodemografik Yapı ve Sigara Kullanımının Ağız Kokusu Üzerine Etkisinin Değerlendirilmesi

Seker¹,

Tümer²

2014

Cumhuriyet Dent J

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Reduction of malodor by oral cleansing procedures

Cited by 173 publications

References 11 publications

Detection of Helicobacter pylori DNA in the saliva of patients complaining of halitosis

Detection of Helicobacter pylori DNA in the saliva of patients complaining of halitosis

Effects of French Pine Bark Extract Chewing Gum on Oral Malodor and Salivary Bacteria

Sınırlı Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Popülasyonunda Sosyodemografik Yapı ve Sigara Kullanımının Ağız Kokusu Üzerine Etkisinin Değerlendirilmesi

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