Reference-Frame-Independent Quantum Key Distribution Using Fewer States

Liu, Hongwei; Wang, Jipeng; Ma, Haiqiang; Sun, Shi-Hai

doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.12.034039

Cited by 31 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…Laing et al, (2010) introduced a reference-frame independent (RFI) QKD protocol to solve this alignment problem [30]. Subsequently, several variants of their protocol have been proposed, both theoretically [31][32][33][34][35][36][37] and experimentally [38][39][40], to advance the merits of RFI QKD. Furthermore, security proofs of existing QCC protocols assume perfect state preparation.…”

Section: Review Of the Literature On Qcc Protocolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tripartite Quantum Key Distribution Implemented with Imperfect Sources

Sekga

Mafu

2022

Optics

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Multipartite quantum key distribution (QKD) is a promising area of quantum networks that provides unconditional secret keys among multiple parties, enabling only legitimate users to decrypt the encrypted message. However, security proofs of existing multipartite QKD typically assume perfect state preparation devices of legitimate users and neglect the relative rotation of reference frames. These presumptions are, nevertheless, very difficult to meet in practice, and thus the security of current multipartite QKD implementations is not guaranteed. By combining the idea of a loss tolerant technique, introduced by Tamaki et al. (K. Tamaki et al., Phys. Rev. A, 90, 052314, 2014), and the concept of a reference frame-independent protocol, we propose a three-party QKD protocol that considers state preparation flaws and the slow drift of reference frames. Through a numerical simulation, the influence of misaliged reference frames on the protocol’s stability was examined by drifting reference frames through angles β=π/5, β=π/6 and β=π/7. In addition, the performance of the proposed protocol was examined for the encoding flaws set at δ=0.35, δ=0.20, and δ=0.10. The results show that the protocol is robust against state preparation flaws, and is insignificantly impacted by misalignment of the reference frames because the achieved transmission distances and secret key rates are comparable to the perfect scenarios. This work dramatically contributes toward the realization of practical and secure multipartite QKD. The proposed protocol has direct applications in quantum communication network environments that involve unknown and slowly varying reference frames, web conferences, and online communications.

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Section: Review Of the Literature On Qcc Protocolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tripartite Quantum Key Distribution Implemented with Imperfect Sources

Sekga

Mafu

2022

Optics

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“…Measurement-device-independent (MDI)-QKD [54,55] was proposed to solve all possible detection loopholes. The decoy-state MDI-QKD can assure the security with imperfect sources and detectors, and thus has been widely studied [56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zigzag approach to higher key rate of sending-or-not-sending twin field quantum key distribution with finite-key effects

Jiang

Hai

et al. 2020

New J. Phys.

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Odd-parity error rejection (OPER), in particular the method of actively odd parity pairing (AOPP), can drastically improve the asymptotic key rate of sending-or-not-sending twin-field (SNS-TF) quantum key distribution (QKD). However, in practice, the finite-key effects have to be considered for the security. Here, we propose a zigzag approach to verify the phase-flip error of the survived bits after OPER or AOPP. Based on this, we can take all the finite-key effects efficiently in calculating the non-asymptotic key rate. Numerical simulation shows that our approach here produces the highest key rate over all distances among all existing methods, improving the key rate by more than 100% to 3000% in comparison with different prior art methods with typical experimental setting. These verify the advantages of the AOPP method with finite data size. Also, with our zigzag approach here, the non-asymptotic key rate of SNS-TF QKD can by far break the absolute bound of repeater-less key rate with whatever detection efficiency. We can even reach a non-asymptotic key rate more than 40 times of the practical bound and 13 times of the absolute bound with 10 12 pulses. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd on behalf of the Institute of Physics and Deutsche Physikalische GesellschaftNew J. Phys. 22 (2020) 053048 C Jiang et al [73][74][75]. More precisely, we show that is able to beat the repeater-less PLOB bound [75] established by Pirandola, Laurenza, Ottaviani, and Banchi, which is the fundamental benchmark used in the literature. Experiments [76][77][78][79][80][81] have been done to demonstrate those protocols. In particular, the efficient variant of TF QKD, named sending-or-not-sending (SNS) protocol has been proposed in reference [12]. The SNS protocol has its advantage of tolerating large misalignment errors [12,18] and unconditional security with finite key size [21]. The numerical results show that the secure distance can exceed 500 km even when the misalignment error is as large as 20% [21]. The SNS protocol has been experimentally demonstrated in proof-of-principle in reference [76], and realized in real optical fiber with the finite-key effects taken into consideration [77,80]. Based on the idea of SNS, long distance side-channel-free QKD was proposed recently [9], using coherent states only.However, there are still considerable spaces to further improve the performance of the SNS protocol. For example, the original SNS protocol [12,18,21] is limited to small probability of sending a signal coherent state and this limits its key rate.There are several methods proposed in reference [22] to improve the key rate of SNS protocol, such as the standard error rejection and odd-parity error rejection (OPER) including the method of actively odd parity pairing (AOPP) with infinite key size. Among all those methods, the numerical results show that the OPER, especially the AOPP methods can drastically improve the key rate and secure distance of SNS protocol with infinite key size. But to show the advantage of OPE...

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“…The method focuses more on the applicability of numerical methods and lacks a general discussion on other realistic factors, such as equipment flaws and environmental noises. Besides, Sun et al [31] analyzed the reference frame independent (RFI) protocol [32] with fewer states, which is a typical case to analyze the encoding flaws and misalignment simultaneously. This protocol is two-dimensional and its protocol structure is limited.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Security analysis method for practical quantum key distribution with arbitrary encoding schemes

Chang,

Wang,

Wang

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Quantum key distribution (QKD) gradually has become a crucial element of practical secure communication. In different scenarios, the security analysis of genuine QKD systems is complicated. A universal secret key rate calculation method, used for realistic factors such as multiple degrees of freedom encoding, asymmetric protocol structures, equipment flaws, environmental noise, and so on, is still lacking. Based on the correlations of statistical data, we propose a security analysis method without restriction on encoding schemes. This method makes a trade-off between applicability and accuracy, which can effectively analyze various existing QKD systems. We illustrate its ability by analyzing source flaws and a high-dimensional asymmetric protocol. Results imply that our method can give tighter bounds than the Gottesman-Lo-Lütkenhaus-Preskill (GLLP) analysis and is beneficial to analyze protocols with complex encoding structures. Our work has the potential to become a reference standard for the security analysis of practical QKD.

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Reference-Frame-Independent Quantum Key Distribution Using Fewer States

Cited by 31 publications

References 50 publications

Tripartite Quantum Key Distribution Implemented with Imperfect Sources

Tripartite Quantum Key Distribution Implemented with Imperfect Sources

Zigzag approach to higher key rate of sending-or-not-sending twin field quantum key distribution with finite-key effects

Security analysis method for practical quantum key distribution with arbitrary encoding schemes

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