Reference ranges for standard-echocardiography in pugs and impact of clinical severity of Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS) on echocardiographic parameters

Wiegel, Pia Saskia; Nolte, Ingo; Mach, Rebekka; Freise, Fritjof; Bach, Jan-Peter

doi:10.1186/s12917-022-03348-8

Cited by 7 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…Smaller RVAdI and RVAsI might be related to breed and emphasizes that breed-specific echocardiographic reference values should be used in clinical practice. Lower MAPSEI, TAPSEI, mean GSLV, Si, and Sm may indicate decreased systolic function in P. Lower TAPSE has been reported in P compared with values of generic interbreed references [ 34 ]. Significantly lower Ei, Em, and Am might indicate decreased LV diastolic function.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pugs with signs of BOAS had higher TAPSEI, Ai, and At and lower E/Em than P without signs of BOAS. Higher TAPSEI could indicate better RV systolic function; however, this result is controversial because patients with OSA [ 50 , 56 ], dogs with pulmonary hypertension [ 61 ], and P [ 34 ] were found to have lower TAPSEI than controls. In a study investigating the effects of increasing severity of BOAS in 42 P [ 34 ], other echocardiographic parameters, except for peak pulmonic velocity, showed no association with BOAS.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In FB, a larger ratio of the left atrium to aorta in short axis (LA/Ao), decreased left ventricular internal diameter in systole (LVIDs), and higher fractional shortening (FS) were noted compared to control Beagle dogs [ 33 ]. In P, significant differences were observed in the left ventricular internal diameter in diastole (LVIDd), interventricular septum and posterior wall thickness in diastole (IVSd and LVPWd, respectively), and tricuspid annular plane systolic motion excursion (TAPSE) compared to interbreed reference values [ 34 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Echocardiographic parameters in French Bulldogs, Pugs and Boston Terriers with brachycephalic obstructive airways syndrome

et al. 2023

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Background In this prospective study, we hypothesized that dogs with signs of brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS) would show differences in left and right heart echocardiographic parameters compared with brachycephalic dogs without signs of BOAS and non-brachycephalic dogs. Results We included 57 brachycephalic (30 French Bulldogs 15 Pugs, and 12 Boston Terriers) and 10 non-brachycephalic control dogs. Brachycephalic dogs had significantly higher ratios of the left atrium to aorta and mitral early wave velocity to early diastolic septal annular velocity; smaller left ventricular (LV) diastolic internal diameter index; and lower tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion index, late diastolic annular velocity of the LV free wall, peak systolic septal annular velocity, late diastolic septal annular velocitiy, and right ventricular global strain than non-brachycephalic dogs. French Bulldogs with signs of BOAS had a smaller diameter of the left atrium index and right ventricular systolic area index; higher caudal vena cava at inspiration index; and lower caudal vena cava collapsibility index, late diastolic annular velocity of the LV free wall, and peak systolic annular velocity of the interventricular septum than non-brachycephalic dogs. Conclusions The differences in echocardiographic parameters between brachycephalic and non-brachycephalic dogs, brachycephalic dogs with signs of BOAS and non-brachycephalic dogs, and brachycephalic dogs with and without signs of BOAS indicate higher right heart diastolic pressures affecting right heart function in brachycephalic dogs and those with signs of BOAS. Most changes in cardiac morphology and function can be attributed to anatomic changes in brachycephalic dogs alone and not to the symptomatic stage.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Echocardiographic parameters in French Bulldogs, Pugs and Boston Terriers with brachycephalic obstructive airways syndrome

et al. 2023

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“…Moreover, the included dogs were cardiologically healthy. Severe BOAS can have circulatory repercussions on the right heart, increasing afterload and consequently, the functionality of the right heart can be modified 14 . For all these reasons dogs with Cambridge score 3 were not included in the study.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Severe BOAS can have circulatory repercussions on the right heart, increasing afterload and consequently, the functionality of the right heart can be modified. 14 For all these reasons dogs with Cambridge 4,15,16 All valves were evaluated morphologically by 2D echocardiography.…”

Section: Selection and Description Of Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of animal position on M‐mode, two‐dimensional, and Doppler echocardiographic measurements in healthy French bulldogs

Bagardi

Ghilardi

Locatelli

et al. 2023

Vet Radiology Ultrasound

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Echocardiography is the most widely accepted diagnostic tool for assessment of cardiac function and morphology in dogs and is usually performed in lateral recumbency. However, in some situations or in stressed patients, it is necessary to perform it in a standing position. Only one study evaluated the effects of animal position on selected two‐dimensional and M‐mode echocardiographic variables in four healthy dogs of different breeds, but not in brachycephalic breeds. In these breeds echocardiographic evaluation is sometimes needed in standing position due to the severity of brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome and the impossibility of managing them in lateral recumbency without causing stress and choking danger. The objectives of this prospective, observational study were to (a) evaluate the effects of lateral recumbency versus standing positions on echocardiographic M‐mode, two‐dimensional, Doppler flow measurements, and Tissue Doppler imaging in healthy French bulldogs (FBs); (b) assess the intra‐ and interoperator variability of the standing echocardiographic examination; and (c) compare the obtained results with the available data from the literature. Forty healthy FBs (20 females/20 males) were sampled. The median age and weight were 2.45 years (IQR25–75, 1.18–4.16) and 12.7 kg (IQR25–75, 10.88–13.46). There were no differences between lateral recumbency and standing position measurements (P > 0.05). Intraoperator coefficients of variation (CVs) ranged from 0.5% to 10.1%, whereas interoperator CVs ranged from 1% to 14.2%. Only E wave peak velocity, aortic, and pulmonary flows were consistent with the previously published reference ranges in lateral recumbency. In conclusion, echocardiography in a standing position could be a useful tool in FBs.

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Does the Cambridge classification alone predict the possibility to perform echocardiographic examination in lateral recumbency in dogs affected by brachycephalic obstructive airways syndrome?

Bagardi,

Locatelli,

Ghilardi

et al. 2023

PLoS ONE

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Objectives To evaluate if the functional grading system (Cambridge classification) of brachycephalic obstructive airways syndrome (BOAS) and the temperament score can be useful tools in predicting the feasibility of echocardiographic examination in lateral recumbency. The hypothesis is that the temperament of the dog, rather than the severity of BOAS alone, can exacerbate respiratory symptoms (dyspnea, stertor, stridor and/or cyanosis) during lateral containment. Methods Prospective cross-sectional study. Twenty-nine French Bulldogs were included and classified according to the Cambridge classification for the BOAS and to the Maddern score for the temperament. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was used to evaluate the sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) of the Cambridge classification, of the temperament score and their sum to predict the feasibility of the echocardiography in lateral recumbency without dyspnea/cyanosis. Results 8 females (27.59%) and 21 (72.41%) males French Bulldogs of 3 years (IQR25-75 1–4), and 12.45 kg (IQR25-7511.5–13.25) were included. The Cambridge classification alone was not predictive for the possibility of performing the echocardiography in lateral recumbency, unlike temperament score and the sum of the two classification indices. The diagnostic accuracy of Cambridge classification (AUC 0.81, Se 50%, Sp 100%), temperament score (AUC 0.73, Se 75%, Sp 69%), and their sum (AUC 0.83, Se 75%, Sp 85%) cut-offs was moderate for each score. Clinical significance The dog’s temperament, and therefore its susceptibility to stress, rather than the severity of BOAS (Cambridge classification) alone, is a good predictor of the possibility of performing the echocardiographic examination in standing instead of lateral recumbency.

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Reference ranges for standard-echocardiography in pugs and impact of clinical severity of Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS) on echocardiographic parameters

Cited by 7 publications

References 64 publications

Echocardiographic parameters in French Bulldogs, Pugs and Boston Terriers with brachycephalic obstructive airways syndrome

Echocardiographic parameters in French Bulldogs, Pugs and Boston Terriers with brachycephalic obstructive airways syndrome

Effects of animal position on M‐mode, two‐dimensional, and Doppler echocardiographic measurements in healthy French bulldogs

Does the Cambridge classification alone predict the possibility to perform echocardiographic examination in lateral recumbency in dogs affected by brachycephalic obstructive airways syndrome?

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