Reflectance confocal microscopy for the diagnosis of skin infections and infestations

Pimenta, Rita; Soares‐de‐Almeida, Luís; Arzberger, Edith; Ferreira, J.; Leal-Filipe, Paulo; Bastos, Pedro Mendes; Oliveira, António Gouveia

doi:10.5070/d3263048026

Cited by 5 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Due to the presence of melanin in the fungal cell wall, the structures appear hyperreflective under RCM [ 18 ]. Fungi hyphae can be visualized as bright (hyper-refractive), linear, branching, and filamentous structures in the stratum corneum brighter than the background keratinized cells [ 9 , 20 ]. Conidia can be visualized as “hyper-refractive, small roundish bodies” [ 20 , 26 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fungi hyphae can be visualized as bright (hyper-refractive), linear, branching, and filamentous structures in the stratum corneum brighter than the background keratinized cells [ 9 , 20 ]. Conidia can be visualized as “hyper-refractive, small roundish bodies” [ 20 , 26 ]. Hyphae can mimic keratinocyte cell membranes and hair shafts and therefore, careful RCM evaluation is important [ 20 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Conidia can be visualized as “hyper-refractive, small roundish bodies” [ 20 , 26 ]. Hyphae can mimic keratinocyte cell membranes and hair shafts and therefore, careful RCM evaluation is important [ 20 ]. On RCM of tinea manus, pedis, and cruris, inflammatory infiltrate and acanthosis was also visualized and described as “higher refractive polymorphonuclear cell populations, accompanied by light flashes, located in the stratum corneum or acanthosis” [ 5 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The patient was treated accordingly. It is important to note that dermatophytes have not been visualized within the medulla of the hair shaft [ 20 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Applications of Reflectance Confocal Microscopy in the Diagnosis of Fungal Infections: A Systematic Review

Khan

Farabi

Navarrete‐Dechent

et al. 2022

JoF

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Cutaneous and adnexal fungal infections are typically diagnosed with potassium hydroxide (KOH) skin scrapings, fungal cultures, and Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) biopsy staining. All three current methods of fungal diagnosis require sample processing and turnover time which leads to a delay in diagnosis. Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) is a non-invasive, in vivo skin imaging technology that provides real-time dermatologic diagnoses. We present an updated systematic review of the applications of RCM in diagnosing fungal infections in an effort to explore the utility of RCM as an adjunct clinical tool in detecting cutaneous and adnexal fungi We systematically searched the MEDLINE (via PubMed) for studies published from January 2000 to October 2022 that described the utility of RCM in the setting of fungal infections. Of the 25 studies that met the inclusion criteria, 202 patients were included. The following information on the application of RCM in the setting of fungal infections was extracted from each study, if reported: study type, year published, number of patients included, diagnosis/diagnostic methods, and RCM description. Concordant within all included studies, fungal infections presented on RCM as bright, linear, branching, filamentous structures at the level of stratum corneum. A limitation of this review is that 11 of 25 studies were case reports (n = 1). Larger scale studies should be conducted to explore the utility of RCM in diagnosing fungal infections and to enrich the RCM descriptions of specific fungal conditions.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The patient was treated accordingly. It is important to note that dermatophytes have not been visualized within the medulla of the hair shaft [ 20 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Applications of Reflectance Confocal Microscopy in the Diagnosis of Fungal Infections: A Systematic Review

Khan

Farabi

Navarrete‐Dechent

et al. 2022

JoF

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“…34 In addition, CRM allows acquisition of high-resolution images with increased spatial resolution and has been used for many years in clinics and preclinical research to visualize morphologic changes in skin lesions and diseases, as well as cytopathic effects of cutaneous parasites, fungi, bacteria, and viruses. 35 , 36 However, this technique can also be used to examine other areas of the body, such as various tissues in the head and neck, as well as for frozen section analyses, in order to visualize cytological features without the artifacts of histologic processing. 37 The information obtained from CRM can thus lead to a more accurate diagnosis and ultimately a successful treatment strategy without the need for invasive biopsies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical Microscopy Systems for the Detection of Unlabeled Nanoparticles

Friedrich¹,

Kappes²,

Cicha³

et al. 2022

IJN

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Label-free detection of nanoparticles is essential for a thorough evaluation of their cellular effects. In particular, nanoparticles intended for medical applications must be carefully analyzed in terms of their interactions with cells, tissues, and organs. Since the labeling causes a strong change in the physicochemical properties and thus also alters the interactions of the particles with the surrounding tissue, the use of fluorescently labeled particles is inadequate to characterize the effects of unlabeled particles. Further, labeling may affect cellular uptake and biocompatibility of nanoparticles. Thus, label-free techniques have been recently developed and implemented to ensure a reliable characterization of nanoparticles. This review provides an overview of frequently used label-free visualization techniques and highlights recent studies on the development and usage of microscopy systems based on reflectance, darkfield, differential interference contrast, optical coherence, photothermal, holographic, photoacoustic, total internal reflection, surface plasmon resonance, Rayleigh light scattering, hyperspectral and reflectance structured illumination imaging. Using these imaging modalities, there is a strong enhancement in the reliability of experiments concerning cellular uptake and biocompatibility of nanoparticles, which is crucial for preclinical evaluations and future medical applications.

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Advanced Noninvasive Diagnostic Methods of Parasitic Skin Diseases

Hulei¹

2020

Clin. and experim. pathol.

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Reflectance confocal microscopy for the diagnosis of skin infections and infestations

Cited by 5 publications

References 41 publications

Applications of Reflectance Confocal Microscopy in the Diagnosis of Fungal Infections: A Systematic Review

Applications of Reflectance Confocal Microscopy in the Diagnosis of Fungal Infections: A Systematic Review

Optical Microscopy Systems for the Detection of Unlabeled Nanoparticles

Advanced Noninvasive Diagnostic Methods of Parasitic Skin Diseases

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