Reflections on the Commercial Development of Eucheumatoid Seaweed Farming

Neish, Iain C.; Sepúlveda, Miguel; Hurtado, Anicia Q.; Critchley, Alan T.

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-63498-2_1

Cited by 14 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Commercial carrageenan is obtained from the seaweed Eucheuma cottonii (Kappaphycus alvarezii) with this type of seaweed farmed extensively in Indonesia, The Philippines, and in South-East Asia [8,9]. Processing of the seaweed involves alkali treatment to extract the carrageenan, and at this stage the product is known as semi-refined carrageenan (SRC).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reinforcement of Refined and Semi-Refined Carrageenan Film with Nanocellulose

2020

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Carrageenans obtained from seaweeds can be processed into films for a range of applications including food packaging. The level of carrageenan refinement during extraction can influence the key properties, with semi-refined carrageenan (SRC) containing more impurities than the more refined carrageenan (RC). Further refinement steps, however, result in higher costs associated with the production of RC. In order to obtain a lower cost and more ecofriendly, bio-based material for food packaging applications, SRC was used in this investigation to produce a thin film reinforced with nanocellulose fibrils (NCF). Films derived from RC containing NCF were also investigated with water sensitivity and physico-mechanical and thermal properties among the properties tested. Levels of NCF were varied from 1% to 7% (w/w), and in general, the NCF reinforcement improved the overall properties of both the SRC and RC films, including the water sensitivity and moisture barrier. However, NCF inclusion in SRC film was less effective with regard to the mechanical and thermal properties compared with NCF inclusion in RC film. The enhancement in properties was attributed to the greater cohesiveness of the reinforced polymer structure and the crystalline regions formed in the structures of SRC and RC films by NCF incorporation.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reinforcement of Refined and Semi-Refined Carrageenan Film with Nanocellulose

2020

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“…Because of these concerns, nonnative carrageenophyte cultivation has been banned in Cuba (Neish et al. 2017), Colombia (M. Puyana, personal communication), and Marshall Islands (Hambrey Consulting and Nautilus Consultants 2011). Additional effort in surveying areas around farms is a critical component for avoiding overgrowth and invasion of natural areas.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental impacts and implications of tropical carrageenophyte seaweed farming

Kelly

Cannon

Smith

2020

Conservation Biology

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Field‐based cultivation of Kappaphycus and Eucheuma seaweeds is widespread across the tropics and is largely done to extract the polysaccharide carrageenan, which is used in commercial applications. Although such seaweed farming has been cited as a sustainable alternative livelihood to destructive fishing, there has not been a comprehensive review of its environmental impacts to assess its potential conservation benefit. We reviewed the peer‐reviewed and industry gray literature to determine what is known about seaweed farming techniques and their impacts on local ecosystems, organisms, and ecosystem services. We identified 43 tropical or subtropical countries that are currently cultivating or have cultivated carrageenophytes. Ecosystem impacts of seaweed farming were measured directly in 33 publications with variable results. Placement of seaweed farms above seagrass beds led to reduced productivity and shoot density in 5 studies and reduced or altered meiofaunal abundance and diversity in 6 studies. On coral reefs, overgrowth of corals by farmed seaweed species was documented in 8 cases. Two studies showed changes to herbivorous fish communities in adjacent areas because seaweed farms changed the environment, whereas in 2 studies measures of overall abundance or diversity did not change. The impacts of seaweed farming may not be as destructive as some other human activities, but they should still be considered when establishing new farms or managing existing farm sites. Our findings are consistent with suggestions to mitigate impact on local ecosystems by shifting seaweed farms to deeper, sandy‐bottom areas. However, some of these changes may adversely affect farmers and associated communities.

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“…Seaweed production is, therefore, a relatively small contributor to the overall value of the combined aquaculture and fisheries sectors in Indonesia; however, they provide significant income to many rural farmers and their families (Food Agriculture Organization 2016; Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) 2017a, b). The seaweed industry also supports regional economic resilience and improves the living standards for middleincome communities (Neish et al 2017;Marino et al 2019). Ecologically, seaweed farms can also provide ecosystem services, such as carbon capture, primary production and provision of additional habitats (Sondak et al 2017;Hasselstrom et al 2018;Froehlich et al 2019).…”

Section: Unspecific Allocation Of Seaweed Aquaculture In Biosecurity mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Given the issues of miscommunication between national and regional governments, it is suggested that farmers may benefit from establishing groups (Nor et al 2017), or utilizing associations (e.g. Indonesian Seaweed Association ARLI or ASTRULI), so they can communicate and share the information regarding cultivation challenges and receive updates on innovations and related actions to mitigate for disease and pest outbreaks (Neish 2013;Neish et al 2017). In 2014, the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) took proactive action and published better management practices (BMP) together collaborated with local seaweed farmers in promoting sustainable fisheries and responsible aquaculture for supporting the SNI initiative (Nor et al 2017).…”

Section: National Biosecurity Componentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…and Kappaphycus spp. in the late 1960s and 1980s, respectively (Hurtado et al 2016;Neish et al 2017). Production of this crop increased exponentially and Indonesia is currently the largest global producer of these species, with a total production of 10.11 million tonnes fresh weight (FW) and a value of 755 million US$ in 2015 (Food Agriculture Organization Fisheries and Aquaculture Information and Statistics Branch FAO-FIGIS 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An analysis of the current status and future of biosecurity frameworks for the Indonesian seaweed industry

et al. 2020

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Indonesia is the world largest producer of the red seaweeds Kappaphycus and Eucheuma; however, this country is facing significant challenges such as disease outbreaks, epiphyte infestations and a loss in seedling quality. Biosecurity practices have been widely adopted in other aquaculture sectors and when enforced can help to limit the introduction and spread of diseases and pests. To assess current capacity for biosecurity in seaweed aquaculture in Indonesia, a systematic analysis of policy frameworks including legislation, regulatory tools, and national standards was conducted. Biosecurity themes and risks were used to evaluate current national biosecurity content. The results identified major challenges faced by the industry in order to implement biosecurity policies in practice. Barriers to implementation included unspecific reference to the seaweed aquaculture sector, limited variety of approaches to biosecurity, limited use of up-to-date scientific evidence, insufficient guidance for the use of precaution and insufficient inclusion of specific biosecurity hazards. In general, although national regulations are currently under revision, current policies indicate a lack of clarity where biosecurity is included. Six recommendations are suggested to incorporate proactive biosecurity actions into current frameworks, with the aim of improving the health and sustainability of the seaweed aquaculture sector in Indonesia.

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Reflections on the Commercial Development of Eucheumatoid Seaweed Farming

Cited by 14 publications

References 16 publications

Reinforcement of Refined and Semi-Refined Carrageenan Film with Nanocellulose

Reinforcement of Refined and Semi-Refined Carrageenan Film with Nanocellulose

Environmental impacts and implications of tropical carrageenophyte seaweed farming

An analysis of the current status and future of biosecurity frameworks for the Indonesian seaweed industry

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