Refractive Errors in Singapore and Xiamen, China—A Comparative Study in School Children Aged 6 to 7 Years

Zhang, Mingzhi; Saw, Seang‐Mei; Ren, Hong; Fu, Zhifu; Huí, Yang; Shui, Ying-Bo; Yap, Maurice; Chew, Sek-Jin

doi:10.1097/00006324-200006000-00010

Cited by 84 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…With one exception, multiple data available for any one country, including Australia [7,8], Denmark [13,14], Singapore [17,18], Taiwan [20], United Kingdom [21,22], and USA [23][24][25] show a rise with age. The exception is China [11,12], raising the question of whether anisometropia shows a significant prevalence amongst the very young [26], only to vanish with the development of binocular vision, when the magnitude of the dioptric disparity is small [4,24]. Note that premature children show a relatively high prevalence.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Age-Related Prevalence of Anisometropia

Ra¹

2002

Ophthalmic Res

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Data on the prevalence of non-amblyopic anisometropia amongst adults throughout the world were tabulated and plotted as a function of age. The global picture reveals a systematic rise in the prevalence of anisometropia with age, the fitted linear regression having a significant positive slope of 1% (p < 0.0005) for every 7 years. The distribution may embrace a juvenile rise and a later, post-presbyopic one, perhaps due to neuro-senescence.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Age-Related Prevalence of Anisometropia

Ra¹

2002

Ophthalmic Res

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“…The results of a preliminary study conducted in Xiamen in 1998 have been reported elsewhere. 19 Informed consent was obtained from parents after the nature of the study was explained, and the conduct of the study followed the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was obtained from the ethics committee, Singapore National Eye Center, and the ethics committee, Xiamen Eye Institute.…”

Section: Participants and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Near-Work Activity, Night-lights, and Myopia in the Singapore-China Study

Saw

Zhang²,

Ren³

et al. 2002

Arch Ophthalmol

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177

126

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To investigate the relationship among nearwork activity, night-lights, and myopia in schoolchildren in Singapore and Xiamen, China. Methods:The refractive error and ocular dimensions of 957 Chinese schoolchildren aged 7 to 9 years in Singapore and Xiamen, China, were determined using cycloplegic autorefraction and A-scan ultrasound biometry. Information on near-work activity (number of books read per week, reading in hours per day) and night-light use before age 2 years was obtained. Results:The prevalence rate of myopia was 36.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 33.0%-40.3%) in Singapore and 18.5% (95% CI, 14.0%-23.1%) in Xiamen, China. The crude odds ratio (OR) of higher myopia (at least -3.0 diopters) for children who read more than 2 books per week was 3.50 (95% CI, 2.15-5.70). In a multivariate logistic

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“…The prevalence of this disorder in Asian countries varies from 50% in China to 84% in Taiwan and Hong Kong (14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19). The comparison of the prevalence of refractive errors in Malay, Chinese, and Indian children in Malaysia and Singapore indicated that the prevalence of myopia was higher in children in Singapore from all the ethnic groups.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Refractive Errors in School-age Children in Qazvin, Iran

Khalaj¹,

Amiri²,

Zeidi³

et al. 2014

Biotech Health Sci

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Background:Refractive error remains one of the primary causes of visual impairment among school children all over the world, and its prevalence varies widely. Objectives: The present study was aimed to determine the prevalence of refractive errors in school children aged 7 to 18 years in Qazvin, Iran. Patients and Methods:In this cross-sectional study, 11821 students (aged 7 to 18 years) were recruited from different schools. Emmetropia was defined as refractive status between +0.25 and -0.25 D sphere. A -0.50 D or greater spherical considered as myopia, -6.00 D or more as high myopia, and +0.50 D or more as hyperopia, and a cylinder refraction greater than 0.75 D was defined as astigmatism. Visual acuity and refraction of all students were tested. Anterior and posterior segment examination and ocular motility evaluation were also performed to rule out the pathological causes of visual impairments. Results:The study was performed on 5641 (47.72%) male and 6180 (52.28%) female students. The prevalence of myopia (from 32.96% at the age of 7 to 79.02% at the age of 18 years) significantly increased (P < 0.001), and hyperopia significantly decreased (from 47.07% in 7-year-old individuals to 8.32% in 18-year-old subjects) with age (P < 0.001). There were significant differences in refractive errors between males and females. Hyperopia and myopia was more common among female in comparison to males (P < 0.001). Astigmatism greater than 0.75 D in one or both eyes was found in 990 children (8.37%). Astigmatism increased from 6.04% in 7-year-old students to 9.86% in 15-year-oldstudents e and then no more difference was found in age group ranged from 15 to 18 years. Conclusions: Based on our study, the prevalence of myopia is more than other types of refractive error, which is similar to that reported in previous studies on other school-age populations in some Asian countries. The high prevalence of refractive error among school-age children indicated that untreated refractive error is one of the most common public health problems.

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Refractive Errors in Singapore and Xiamen, China—A Comparative Study in School Children Aged 6 to 7 Years

Cited by 84 publications

References 30 publications

On the Age-Related Prevalence of Anisometropia

On the Age-Related Prevalence of Anisometropia

Near-Work Activity, Night-lights, and Myopia in the Singapore-China Study

Refractive Errors in School-age Children in Qazvin, Iran

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