2023
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.48861
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Refractory Thyroid Eye Disease Unresponsive to Teprotumumab: A Case Report

Gurdeep Singh,
Brittany Taylor,
Samantha Michalek

Abstract: Thyroid eye disease (TED) is a complex autoimmune condition that can cause proptosis, ophthalmoplegia, diplopia, optic nerve compression, and vision loss. These clinical findings are caused by a complex pathological mechanism characterized by thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor autoantibodies activating thyroid-stimulating hormone receptors (TSH-Rs). Overexpressed insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) receptors found in orbital fibroblasts form complexes with these TSH-Rs, leading to the inflammation and expan… Show more

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