Regeneration of Dermis: Scarring and Cells Involved

Abstract

There are many studies on certain skin cell specifications and their contribution to wound healing. In this review, we provide an overview of dermal cell heterogeneity and their participation in skin repair, scar formation, and in the composition of skin substitutes. The papillary, reticular, and hair follicle associated fibroblasts differ not only topographically, but also functionally. Human skin has a number of particular characteristics that are different from murine skin. This should be taken into account in experimental procedures. Dermal cells react differently to skin wounding, remodel the extracellular matrix in their own manner, and convert to myofibroblasts to different extents. Recent studies indicate a special role of papillary fibroblasts in the favorable outcome of wound healing and epithelial-mesenchyme interactions. Neofolliculogenesis can substantially reduce scarring. The role of hair follicle mesenchyme cells in skin repair and possible therapeutic applications is discussed. Participation of dermal cell types in wound healing is described, with the addition of possible mechanisms underlying different outcomes in embryonic and adult tissues in the context of cell population characteristics and extracellular matrix composition and properties. Dermal white adipose tissue involvement in wound healing is also overviewed. Characteristics of myofibroblasts and their activity in scar formation is extensively discussed. Cellular mechanisms of scarring and possible ways for its prevention are highlighted. Data on keloid cells are provided with emphasis on their specific characteristics. We also discuss the contribution of tissue tension to the scar formation as well as the criteria and effectiveness of skin substitutes in skin reconstruction. Special attention is given to the properties of skin substitutes in terms of cell composition and the ability to prevent scarring.

Wnt-Signalwege bei kutaner Wundheilung

“…Da bekannt ist, dass sich β-Catenin während der Fibroblastenproliferation anreichert, wird spekuliert, dass dieses in Mechanismen, welche zu hypertrophen oder keloidalen Narben führen, involviert ist [45]. β-Catenin und das Wnt-Signal sind an der Bildung der Dermis und der epidermalen Strukturen sowohl während der Wundheilung als auch während der Hautentwicklung intrinsisch beteiligt [46]. Unbekannt ist, ob nicht-Wnt-Aktivatoren von β-Catenin, wie beispielsweise ECM-Proteine und Wachstumsfaktoren, β-Catenin während der Hautentwicklung modulieren, wie dies während der Reaktion auf eine Verletzung der Fall ist [10].…”

Hybrid Freeze-Dried Dressings Composed of Epidermal Growth Factor and Recombinant Human-Like Collagen Enhance Cutaneous Wound Healing in Rats

“…To demonstrate the effects of our RHC/EGF freeze-dried dressing on wound healing in vivo, a full-thickness rat skin excisional model was used. In the early process of wound healing, tissue defects are gradually filled with migrating and proliferating fibroblasts, keratinocytes, vascular endothelial cells, and macrophages (Rippa et al, 2019). Granulation tissue formation marks the completion of early wound repair, and its rate of formation is directly related to the rate of wound healing.…”

Collagen Hydrolysates for Skin Protection: Oral Administration and Topical Formulation

“…Some of the changes from the aging of the skin are the structural modifications of the reticular dermis induced by loss of internal cohesion as well as the rupture and decrease of collagen and elastin fibers. This happens because there is reduced production of fibroblasts responsible for the production of collagen, and collagen fibers are fragmented and thinned [118]. However, daily intakes of food-derived collagen peptides enhance the growth of fibroblasts.…”