Regional Hegemony over the Security of the Arab Gulf States: A Case Study of Iran and Turkey (2003-2020)

Abstract

Objectives: This study aims to analyze the role of regional powers, specifically Iran and Turkey, in exerting dominance over the security of the Arab Gulf states. It also seeks to identify the geographical extensions, drivers, and determinants of this role during the period from 2003 to 2020. Methods: The study utilizes the theory of Regional Hegemony, as it is a crucial framework for explaining international relations, interactions, and phenomena within a specific regional context. Results: Significant developments since 2003, such as the change of the Iraqi regime, the rise of non-state actors like the Houthis in Yemen, the Popular Mobilization Forces in Iraq, and Hezbollah in Lebanon, the Arab Spring events in 2010, and the emergence of terrorist organizations like (ISIS), have contributed to a fragile and tense regional environment. These factors have led to chaos, conflicts, and alliances among major regional powers, namely Iran and Turkey, as well as international actors like Russia and the United States. These powers have intervened in the region, claiming to establish international peace and security while combating terrorism. It highlights the significance of examining the theory of hegemony and its implications for the security of the Arab Gulf states. Conclusions: The expansion of Iran and Turkey in the region, accompanied by a shift from defensive realism to offensive realism, suggests an attempt to dominate and pose a threat to other Gulf countries. It is supported by an analysis of their positions and the arguments presented to justify their interventions as peaceful