Regional Specialization in Antigen Presentation

Antigen localization and the induction of resistance in mice vaccinated with irradiated cercariae ofSchistosoma mansoni

“…However, the correlation did not persist, antibody levels in VRO mice equalling those in VAC mice, 5 weeks after challenge. There are, within mouse skin, several cell types capable of processing and presenting antigen (Streilein, Stein-Streilein & Head, 1986). A feature unique to the VAC model was the persistence in the skin of (presumably) live parasites, the released products of which would provide the potential for prolonged antigen presentation.…”

Regulation of adaptive immune responses by innate cells expressing NK markers and antigen-transporting macrophages

“…During pulmonary conditions in which the Th1 response was chronic or the toxicity of the chemical led to the release of inflammatory cytokines, the NK cell contributed to the pathophysiological state of the organ by promoting an inflammatory response through its IFN-␥ release. Others reported that, under other conditions, the NK cell can make Th2-type cytokines in the absence of IFN-␥ [15].…”

“…Thus, these studies showed that the NK cells that were protective were within the local environment. The idea that NK cell defenses were regulated locally contributed to the notion that regional specialization is an important concept in immune defense in the organism as a whole [15]. The concept that the NK cell in the lung, and more recently, the NKT cell (see below), are part of regional specialization mechanisms is well supported by recent work on NK and NKT cells in the liver [30,31].…”

“…In fact, the IgA-bearing B lymphocytes were shown to preferentially localize in the gastrointestinal tract. Since that time, it was shown that antigen processing, and the subsequent immune responses in the gut and other mucosal tissues, was under the influence of the regional regulation and specialization [14,15].…”

Thermodynamic assessment of gas removal systems for single-flash geothermal power plants

“…As an alternative hybrid systems such as combined steam jet ejectors and centrifugal compressors [19,20] or combined steam jet ejectors and LRVPs [10,15,18,21,22], atmospheric exhaust turbines [11], biphase eductors [15] and reboilers [3,5,7,15,[23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32] have been proposed and developed.…”