Regulating Autonomous Ships—Concepts, Challenges and Precedents

Ringbom, Henrik

doi:10.1080/00908320.2019.1582593

Cited by 77 publications

(38 citation statements)

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“…In June 2019, MSC 101 considered a progress report on the RSE and approved interim guidelines for MASS trials (Bureau Veritas, 2019; Lloyd's Register, 2019). In addition, some experts have explored the potential conflicts between the operation of unmanned vessels and existing private maritime laws (Carey, 2017; Karlis, 2018; Rodriguez-Delgado, 2018; Veal et al, 2019), as well as the technical risks and legal problems involved in the introduction of unmanned vessels (Aro and Heiskari, 2017) and the possible challenges of autonomous ships (Komianos, 2018; Perera, 2018; Ringbom, 2019).…”

Section: Review Of the Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

A Study of the Application Barriers to the Use of Autonomous Ships Posed by the Good Seamanship Requirement of COLREGs

et al. 2019

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Autonomous ships are gaining in importance and are expected to shape the future of the global shipping industry. This evolutionary shift raises serious issues about compliance with the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea 1972 (COLREGs). This paper reviews the literature on autonomous ships from the perspective of the obligations of good seamanship imposed by COLREGs. The authors conclude that to facilitate the introduction of autonomous ships, the application barriers presented by COLREGs need to be analysed. With this goal, this paper presents a perspective from navigational practice. Four nautical scientists and two deck officers were invited to give their opinions. The analysis indicates that COLREGs require further elaboration and amendments to eliminate uncertainty of interpretation. In particular, the paper highlights the need to amend the ‘look-out’ rule (COLREGs Rule 5) to permit look-out by ‘computer vision’ alone while, at the same time, preserving the distinction between vessels navigating in restricted visibility and in sight of one another.

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Section: Review Of the Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

A Study of the Application Barriers to the Use of Autonomous Ships Posed by the Good Seamanship Requirement of COLREGs

et al. 2019

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“…through the GBS methodology, the timely introduction of the Polar Code (Dalaklis 2017), shifting the focus towards cybersecurity, etc. Additionally, the regulatory scoping exercise of IMO Instruments to evaluate preparedness for Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships that was initiated in 2017 is another positive step in this direction (Ringbom 2019).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The international convention for the safety of life at sea: highlighting interrelations of measures towards effective risk mitigation

Joseph

Dalaklis

2021

Journal of International Maritime Safety, Environmental Affairs

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Safety is often described as freedom from unacceptable risk. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) since its establishment has consistently been working towards mitigation of risks at sea by implementing measures through specific legal Instruments. The IMO's principle Instrument with this focus is the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974, as amended (SOLAS). By identifying and examining a wide range of risks that must be addressed in order to ensure the safe operations of ships at sea, the chapters of SOLAS provide the necessary mitigation measures. This paper goes on to discusses three specific risks among those being mitigated by SOLAS, which are a) structural integrity and stability related risks; b) fire risk and c) navigational risk. The reason for this choice is quite simple: analysis of past statistics from shipping incidents databases clearly indicates that these risks are recorded with the highest numbers; with statistics testifying that navigational risk is linked to the greatest number of accidents. A conclusion clearly standing out is that the various measures being put forward by SOLAS and the associated supporting Codes work in a complementary manner and together have provided a positive contribution towards the safety of personnel, environment and property.

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“…As can be seen, one of the modes of operation is the above-mentioned remote control with or without seafarers' presence onboard. It is also expected that this type of MASS will be easier to implement than a fully autonomous one, for various reasons [10,11]. Among them is the issue of safety [12], often named as the most important aspect of the operation of any socio-technical system.…”

Section: Doamentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Influence of Human Factors on Safety of Remotely-Controlled Merchant Vessels

2021

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With numerous efforts undertaken by both industry and academia to develop and implement autonomous merchant vessels, their safety remains an utmost priority. One of the modes of their operation which is expected to be used is a remote control. Therein, some, if not all, decisions will be made remotely by human operators and executed locally by a vessel control system. This arrangement incorporates a possibility of a human factor occurrence. To this end, a variety of factors are known in the literature along with a complex network of mutual relationships between them. In order to study their potential influence on the safety of remotely-controlled merchant vessels, an expert study has been conducted using the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System-Maritime Accidents (HFACS–MA) framework. The results indicate that the most relevant for the safety of this prospective system is to ensure that known problems are properly and timely rectified and that remote operators maintain their psycho- and physiological conditions. The experts elicited have also assigned higher significance to the causal factors of active failures than latent failures, thus indicating a general belief that operators’ actions represent the final and the most important barrier against accident occurrence.

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Regulating Autonomous Ships—Concepts, Challenges and Precedents

Cited by 77 publications

References 0 publications

A Study of the Application Barriers to the Use of Autonomous Ships Posed by the Good Seamanship Requirement of COLREGs

A Study of the Application Barriers to the Use of Autonomous Ships Posed by the Good Seamanship Requirement of COLREGs

The international convention for the safety of life at sea: highlighting interrelations of measures towards effective risk mitigation

On the Influence of Human Factors on Safety of Remotely-Controlled Merchant Vessels

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