“…Forests are vital for providing us with a wide range of regulating, provisioning, and cultural ecosystem services (Ota et al 2021;Saha 2021;Landell-Mills and Porras 2002). Regulating and provisioning ecosystem services mainly represents material bene ts from the forest, such as biodiversity conservation, carbon sequestration, climate regulation, water retention, nutrient cycling (Sinha and Baten 2021;Mukul et al 2017a). Cultural ecosystem services, on the other hand, represent non-material bene ts, like recreation, aesthetic enjoyment, physical and mental health bene ts that we derive from forests (Nadiruzzaman and Rahman 2021), and are still underrepresented in literature due to the complexity of their nature (Ezebilo 2016).…”