Regulation of Ethylene Biosynthesis

Argueso, Cristiana T.; Hansen, Maureen; Kieber, Joseph J.

doi:10.1007/s00344-007-0013-5

Cited by 246 publications

(212 citation statements)

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“…The data show the effect of deleting single or multiple genes on the relative ratio between active and inactive isozymes, and provide a framework for understanding the complexity of ethylene biosynthesis. This complexity is greatly magnified if one considers the heterogeneity of the C terminus among the ACS polypeptides, which is responsible for their stability (Argueso et al 2007). The ACS proteins can be classified into three types on the basis of their C terminus: type 1 have the longest C terminus with a single putative calcium-dependent protein kinase (CDPK) phosphorylation site and three mitogenactivated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation sites; type 2 have a medium size C terminus containing a single CDPK site; type 3 have a short C terminus with no predicted protein kinase phosphorylation sites.…”

Section: Characterization Of Acs T-dna Insertion Mutantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Alternatively, ACC can be diverted from conversion to ethylene by forming the conjugate N-malonyl-ACC (Yang and Hoffman 1984). The activity of ACS is regulated at the transcriptional level (Bleecker and Kende 2000;Guo and Ecker 2004) and posttranscriptional level (Argueso et al 2007).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The highly variable carboxylic end of the proteins serves as a regulatory domain responsible for post-translational regulation of the enzyme whereas the nonvariable amino terminus harbors the catalytic domain. The ACS proteins comprise three phylogenetic branches, depending on their C terminus heterogeneity Argueso et al 2007;Hansen et al 2008).…”

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confidence: 99%

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A Combinatorial Interplay Among the 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylate Isoforms Regulates Ethylene Biosynthesis inArabidopsis thaliana

et al. 2009

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Ethylene (C 2 H 4 ) is a unique plant-signaling molecule that regulates numerous developmental processes. The key enzyme in the two-step biosynthetic pathway of ethylene is 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase (ACS), which catalyzes the conversion of S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) to ACC, the precursor of ethylene. To understand the function of this important enzyme, we analyzed the entire family of nine ACS isoforms (ACS1, ACS2, ACS4-9, and ACS11) encoded in the Arabidopsis genome. Our analysis reveals that members of this protein family share an essential function, because individual ACS genes are not essential for Arabidopsis viability, whereas elimination of the entire gene family results in embryonic lethality. Phenotypic characterization of single and multiple mutants unmasks unique but overlapping functions of the various ACS members in plant developmental events, including multiple growth characteristics, flowering time, response to gravity, disease resistance, and ethylene production. Ethylene acts as a repressor of flowering by regulating the transcription of the FLOWERING LOCUS C. Each single and high order mutant has a characteristic molecular phenotype with unique and overlapping gene expression patterns. The expression of several genes involved in light perception and signaling is altered in the high order mutants. These results, together with the in planta ACS interaction map, suggest that ethylene-mediated processes are orchestrated by a combinatorial interplay among ACS isoforms that determines the relative ratio of homo-and heterodimers (active or inactive) in a spatial and temporal manner. These subunit isoforms comprise a combinatorial code that is a central regulator of ethylene production during plant development. The lethality of the null ACS mutant contrasts with the viability of null mutations in key components of the ethylene signaling apparatus, strongly supporting the view that ACC, the precursor of ethylene, is a primary regulator of plant growth and development.

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Section: Characterization Of Acs T-dna Insertion Mutantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Combinatorial Interplay Among the 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylate Isoforms Regulates Ethylene Biosynthesis inArabidopsis thaliana

et al. 2009

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“…The conversion of AdoMet to ACC by ACC synthase is often a rate-limiting step in ethylene synthesis (Argueso et al 2007). Perhaps, a similar situation occurs at early stages of bud sprouting in leafy spurge.…”

Section: Decapitation Increases the Expression Of Acc Oxidasementioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, further work is needed to determine whether the ACC limitation was present in the buds prior to their excision from the plants or developed during the measurement procedure, which involved bud excision. A decrease in ACC synthase activity following excision seems unlikely because this event requires some wounding that tends to increase ACC synthase expression (Boller and Kende 1980;Argueso et al 2007). Nevertheless, ACC may decrease if the growing bud depends on imports from the roots to maintain the Yang cycle.…”

Section: Decapitation Increases the Expression Of Acc Oxidasementioning

confidence: 99%

Increase in ACC oxidase levels and activities during paradormancy release of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) buds

Chao

Serpe

Suttle

et al. 2013

Planta

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The plant hormone ethylene is known to affect various developmental processes including dormancy and growth. Yet, little information is available about ethylene's role during paradormancy release in underground adventitious buds of leafy spurge. In this study, we examined changes in ethylene evolution and the ethylene biosynthetic enzyme ACC oxidase following paradormancy release (growth induction). Our results did not show an obvious increase in ethylene during bud growth. However, when buds were incubated with 1 mM ACC, ethylene levels were higher in growing than non-growing buds, suggesting that the levels of ACC oxidase increased in growing buds. Real-time qPCR indicated that the transcript of a Euphorbia esula ACC oxidase (Ee-ACO) increased up to 3-fold following growth induction. In addition, a 2.5-to 4-fold increase in ACO activity was observed 4 days after decapitation, and the Ee-ACO accounted for as much as 40% of the total ACO activity. Furthermore, immunoblot analyses identified a 36-kD Ee-ACO protein that increased in expression during bud growth. This protein was highly expressed in leaves, moderately expressed in crown buds, stems and meristems, and weakly expressed in roots and flowers. Immunolocalization of Ee-ACO on growing bud sections revealed strong labeling of the nucleus and cytoplasm in cells at the shoot apical meristem and leaf primordia. An exception to this pattern occurred in cells undergoing mitosis, where labeling of Ee-ACO was negligible. Taken together, our results indicate an increase in the levels of Ee-ACO during paradormancy release of leafy spurge that was not correlated with an increase in ethylene synthesis.

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Ethylene

Resnick¹,

Chang²

2007

Encyclopedia of Life Sciences

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Ethylene is a simple hydrocarbon gas that has profound effects on plant growth and development. As an important growth regulator, ethylene plays a role in many processes, including fruit ripening, abscission, senescence and stress responses. Recent advances, particularly from studies in Arabidopsis thaliana , have deepened our understanding of ethylene biosynthesis and signalling at the molecular level, and are beginning to address ethylene's interactions with other signalling pathways.

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Regulation of Ethylene Biosynthesis

Cited by 246 publications

References 120 publications

A Combinatorial Interplay Among the 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylate Isoforms Regulates Ethylene Biosynthesis inArabidopsis thaliana

A Combinatorial Interplay Among the 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylate Isoforms Regulates Ethylene Biosynthesis inArabidopsis thaliana

Increase in ACC oxidase levels and activities during paradormancy release of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) buds

Ethylene

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