Relating body mass index to figural stimuli: population-based normative data for Caucasians

Bulik, Cynthia M.; Wade, Tracey; Heath, Andrew C.; Martin, Nicholas G.; Stunkard, Albert J.; Eaves, Lindon J.

doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801742

Cited by 279 publications

(322 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The silhouette selected was matched to the BMI category depicted by the silhouette. 16,17 National guidelines and normative data link the Stunkard figural stimuli with BMI; the scale has validity and test-retest reliability for a wide range of subjects. 13,14 Adults were asked to specify the child's body size by selecting if the child was "underweight," "normal," or "overweight.…”

Section: Perceptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Size Misperception Among Overweight and Obese Families

et al. 2014

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BACKGROUND: Perception of body size is a key factor driving health behavior. Mothers directly influence children's nutritional and exercise behaviors. Mothers of ethnic minority groups and lower socioeconomic status are less likely to correctly identify young children as overweight or obese. Little evaluation has been done of the inverse-the child's perception of the mother's weight. OBJECTIVE: To determine awareness of weight status among mother-child dyads (n=506). DESIGN: Cross-sectional study conducted in an outpatient pediatric dental clinic of Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY. PARTICIPANTS: Primarily Hispanic (82.2 %) mothers (n= 253), 38.8±7.5 years of age, and children (n=253), 10.5± 1.4 years of age, responding to a questionnaire adapted from the validated Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. MAIN MEASURES: Anthropometric measures-including height, weight, and waist circumference-and awareness of self-size and size of other generation were obtained. KEY RESULTS: 71.4 % of obese adults and 35.1 % of overweight adults underestimated size, vs. 8.6 % of normal-weight (NW) adults (both p < 0.001). Among overweight and obese children, 86.3 % and 62.3 % underestimated their size, vs. 14.9 % NW children (both p<0.001). Among mothers with overweight children, 80.0 % underestimated their child's weight, vs. 7.1 % of mothers with NW children (p<0.001); 23.1 % of mothers with obese children also underestimated their child's weight (p < 0.01). Among children with obese mothers, only 13.0 % correctly classified the adult's size, vs. 76.5 % with NW mothers (p<0.001). Among obese mothers, 20.8 % classified overweight body size as ideal, vs. 1.2 % among NW mothers (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Overweight/obese adults and children frequently underestimate their size. Adults misjudge overweight/obese children as being of normal weight, and children of obese mothers often underestimate the adult's size. Failure to recognize overweight/obesity status among adults and children can lead to prolonged exposure to obesity-related comorbidities.

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Section: Perceptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Size Misperception Among Overweight and Obese Families

et al. 2014

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“…This study is unique because with Bulik et al, 17 we are among the first to consider the role of body image perceptions and eating disorder risk among collegiate varsity equestrian athletes, an understudied population. Prevalence in the current study was estimated at 42% for eating disorders in equestrian athletes, 38.5% for English riders, and 48.9% for Western riders.…”

Section: Eating Disorder Prevalencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The magnitude of body image dissatisfaction using the SILs is calculated as perceived SIL -desired SIL. 17,18 To date, many terms have been used inconsistently in the literature to describe body image perceptions. For the purposes of this study, body image disturbance is an umbrella term encompassing perceptions, cognition, affect, behaviors, and subjective evaluation related to body image.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…These pictorial images of body shapes are associated with 9 specific BMI increments that were established in a population-based normative data set of 16 728 white women ranging in age from 18 to 100 years. 17 Researchers use these images when asking questions pertaining to participants' current perceptions of their physiques (ie, perceived SIL) or their desired physique perceptions (ie, desired SIL). The magnitude of body image dissatisfaction using the SILs is calculated as perceived SIL -desired SIL.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Prevalence of Eating Disorder Risk and Body Image Distortion Among National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I Varsity Equestrian Athletes

Torres-McGehee

Monsma

Minton

et al. 2011

Journal of Athletic Training

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Context: Participation in appearance-based sports, particularly at the collegiate level, may place additional pressures on female athletes to be thin, which may increase the likelihood of their resorting to drastic weight control measures, such as disordered eating behaviors.Objectives: (1) To estimate the prevalence and sources of eating disorder risk classification by academic status (freshman, sophomore, junior, or senior) and riding discipline (English and Western), (2) to examine riding style and academic status variations in body mass index (BMI) and silhouette type, and (3) to examine these variations across eating disorder risk classification type (eg, body image disturbances).Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Seven universities throughout the United States. Patients or Other Participants:A total of 138 participants volunteered (mean age = 19.88 ± 1.29 years). They represented 2 equestrian disciplines: English riding (n = 91) and Western riding (n = 47).Main Outcome Measure(s): Participants self-reported menstrual cycle history, height, and weight. We screened for eating disorder risk behaviors with the Eating Attitudes Test and for body disturbance with sex-specific BMI silhouettes.Results: Based on the Eating Attitudes Test, estimated eating disorder prevalence was 42.0% in the total sample, 38.5% among English riders, and 48.9% among Western riders. No BMI or silhouette differences were found across academic status or discipline in disordered eating risk. Overall, participants perceived their body images as significantly larger than their actual physical sizes (self-reported BMI) and wanted to be significantly smaller in both normal clothing and competitive uniforms.Conclusions: Disordered eating risk prevalence among equestrian athletes was similar to that reported in other aesthetic sports and lower than that in nonaesthetic sports. Athletic trainers working with these athletes should be sensitive to these risks and refer athletes as needed to clinicians knowledgeable about disordered eating. Professionals working with this population should avoid making negative comments about physical size and appearance.Key Words: disordered eating behaviors, riding disciplines, aesthetic sports Key Points• Female collegiate equestrian athletes displayed a disordered eating risk prevalence that was similar to that seen in female athletes in other appearance-based sports and greater than that seen in female athletes in non-appearance-based sports.• Female collegiate equestrian athletes should be screened for eating disorder risk during the preparticipation physical examination.• Education programs on weight management, body image, and disordered eating may be helpful to athletes in aesthetic sports such as equestrian.

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“…Com base em uma larga amostra de mulheres caucasianas, Bulik et al 17 determinaram que as silhuetas 1, 2 e 3 correspondem ao IMC menor que 20 kg/m 2 e as silhuetas maiores ou iguais a 6 correspondem ao IMC maior ou igual a 30 kg/m 2 . Tanto mulheres com IMC menor que 20 kg/m 2 que escolhem silhuetas maiores ou iguais a 4 como representativa da silhueta atual quanto mulheres com IMC menor que 30 kg/m 2 que escolherem silhuetas maiores ou iguais a 6 estão superestimando seus tamanhos corporais.…”

Section: Avaliação Da Imagem Corporalunclassified