Relating Water Quality and Formation Permeability to Loss of Injectivity

Pautz, J.F.; Crocker, M.E.; Walton, C.G.

doi:10.2523/18888-ms

Cited by 15 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…In this equation, P (atms) is total pressure drop (across the filter cake plus the medium), L is core length and Ac is cross sectional area of the core and  w -------------------------------------------- [6] A plot of cumulative volumes versus time in seconds should give a slope, Sv=v/t, obtained from constant pressure test…”

Section: Filter Cake Permeability (Kc)mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Suspended Solids and Fine Migration on the Design of Immiscible WAG Process in the Bokor Field

et al. 2013

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Among the different Enhanced Oil Recovery methods being implemented in the matured fields of Malaysia,Immiscible Water Alternating Gas (iWAG) appears to be the most viable option. However, reduction in well injectivity and productivity would be very harmful to this process and render it ineffective. Therefore, extensive laboratory testing, interpretation and integration have been performed to reach the conclusions and recommendations presented in this paper.The target reservoirs in the Bokor are made up of unconsolidated and very heterogeneous rock with high permeability streaks. The mineralogy of the target reservoirs shows over 10% of clay, with abundance of kaolinites and illites which tend to cause fines migration and mixed layer illites/smectite which can swell. Therefore special handling of core samples is necessary for the laboratory testing; this includes flow through cleaning and critical point drying. The aim of the study is to establish the potential mechanisms of formation damage during the iWAG progress and determine preventive, mitigative measures and provide guidelines for treatment if damage occurs. The main focus is on formation damage by fines migration, dirty injection fluids (Mechanically induced damage)and clay swelling and de-flocculation (Chemical induced damage -fluid rock interaction) effect to Bokor field. The laboratory tests performed includes capillary suction time, filtration level test, critical velocity and fines stabilizer test, constant rate injectivity test and formation damage by iWAG injection test.Key areas of interesting findings include (1) Potential formation damage mechanism during the iWAG process (2) Strategies to prevent damage and improved injectivity, (3) Recommended treatment frequency based on injection half-life established in this study and (4) Field monitoring strategies.

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Section: Filter Cake Permeability (Kc)mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Suspended Solids and Fine Migration on the Design of Immiscible WAG Process in the Bokor Field

et al. 2013

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“…(15) The expression to calculate pore throat radio is: To reach this calculus it is assumed that pore throats have a cylindrical shape. (16) The results were represented graphically as a relative frequency thorough volumes difference versus pore throat diameter. This volume difference depends on mercury injection saturation variation with respect to diameter variation.…”

Section: Pore Throat Size Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Method to Predict the Injectivity Decline Rate in Water Injection Wells: Chihuido de la Sierra Negra Oilfield. A Case to Study

Cavallaro

Baigorria

2000

Canadian International Petroleum Conference

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Chihuido de la Sierra Negra oilfield is the most important one in Argentina. It is located in Neuquen province .It produces 24,000 oil m3/day from 683 producing wells, and it has been working with secondary recovery since 1994. At present 76,000 m3 of water are injected daily into 545 injection wells.A method based on the results gotten from core lineal flooding tests is used to predict the injectivity decline rate produced by solids suspended in produced water.The flood tests were carried out by injecting waters containing different concentrations of suspended solids in order to feature the particle deposition mechanism at middle porosity. Unlike previous studies, this method uses Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), which leads to the appraisal of the depth and extent of the core invasion to characterize the kind of filter cake formed.. The impairment mechanism observed is compared to prediction based on the relation between the particle diameter median and the pore throat diameter median.The experimental parameters obtained from core filtration data are used in mathematic expressions of published models to build the half-life time curve from different concentrations of suspended solids.The results obtained allowed us to estimate how the water can be treated, and/or state the filtration degree required so as to get the minimum treatment cost that can keep injection in progress and thus assuring the highest production.This approach also avoids frequent oversizing practices in the design of surface facilities.

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“…It has been shown that substantial permeability reduction might occur with an inappropriate water filtration system. 17 The adverse effect of solid buildup at the sand interface, fine migration, and accumulation of biofilms in the well around the completion zone on water injectivity is also well documented. 18 In such cases, the mitigation and remediation measures are relatively simple to implement, mostly involving proper water treatment and routine wellbore cleanouts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Formation damage in the form of permeability reduction or mud cake buildup can and does indeed reduce water injectivity. It has been shown that substantial permeability reduction might occur with an inappropriate water filtration system . The adverse effect of solid buildup at the sand interface, fine migration, and accumulation of biofilms in the well around the completion zone on water injectivity is also well documented .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wettability Alteration Using Silane to Improve Water-Alternating-Gas Injectivity

2022

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Wettability is a main component that determines multiphase flow characteristics in a porous medium. Altering the wettability of a rock has a wide range of applications in the field of geosystems engineering, such as enhanced oil recovery, improving gas well deliverability, and geological CO2 sequestration. Considering how injectivity in many field water-alternating-gas (WAG) processes is lower than expected, wettability alteration is especially suitable to address the reduction in relative permeability encountered during water injection. Several methods for injectivity improvement exist, including the use of surfactants, nanoparticles, salts, and alkalis. Using silanes to modify wettability has been a prominent technique in surface chemistry for decades but has very rarely been applied to porous mineral rocks, especially carbonates. This work explores the use of silanes to render sandstone and limestone surfaces more hydrophobic, thereby reducing gas blockage that causes injectivity loss. Contact angle measurements were taken and showed good wettability alteration away from water wet, exhibiting contact angles well above 90°, regardless of treatment conditions. Centrifuge tests were carried out, and the resulting residual fluid saturations and capillary pressure curves proved that the treatment is also effective on the pore scale. Corefloods conducted in sandstone and limestone cores showed a 45 and 65% increase in water relative permeability after WAG cycles after treatment, respectively. This translates directly to improvements in injectivity based on this treatment method.

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Relating Water Quality and Formation Permeability to Loss of Injectivity

Cited by 15 publications

References 1 publication

The Effects of Suspended Solids and Fine Migration on the Design of Immiscible WAG Process in the Bokor Field

The Effects of Suspended Solids and Fine Migration on the Design of Immiscible WAG Process in the Bokor Field

A Method to Predict the Injectivity Decline Rate in Water Injection Wells: Chihuido de la Sierra Negra Oilfield. A Case to Study

Wettability Alteration Using Silane to Improve Water-Alternating-Gas Injectivity

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