Relations among affect, abstinence motivation and confidence, and daily smoking lapse risk.

Abstract

Aims-This study tested the hypothesis that changes in momentary affect, abstinence motivation, and confidence would predict lapse risk over the next 12-24 hours using Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) data from smokers attempting to quit smoking.Method-103 adult, daily, treatment-seeking smokers recorded their momentary affect, motivation to quit, abstinence confidence, and smoking behaviors in near real time with multiple EMA reports per day using electronic diaries post-quit.Results-Multilevel models indicated that initial levels of negative affect were associated with smoking, even after controlling for earlier smoking status, and that short-term increases in negative affect predicted lapses up to 12, but not 24, hours later. Positive affect had significant effects on subsequent abstinence confidence, but not motivation to quit. High levels of motivation appeared to reduce increases in lapse risk that occur over hours while momentary changes in confidence did not predict lapse risk over 12 hours.Conclusion-Negative affect had short-lived effects on lapse risk, whereas higher levels of motivation protected against the risk of lapsing that accumulates over hours. An increase in positive affect was associated with greater confidence to quit, but such changes in confidence did not reduce short-term lapse risk, contrary to expectations. Relations observed among affect, cognitions, and lapse seem to depend critically on the timing of assessments.

Ecological momentary analysis of the relations among stressful events, affective reactivity, and smoking among smokers with high versus low depressive symptoms during a quit attempt

“…Momentary affect (for the past 15 minutes) was assessed with items derived from the Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS ) and the Wisconsin Smoking Withdrawal Scale (WSWS ) using a five‐point response ranging from 1 (very slightly or not at all) to 5 (extremely) for the PANAS items and 1 (disagree) to 5 (agree) for the WSWS items. Negative affect items included ‘tense or anxious’, ‘sad or depressed’, ‘impatient’, ‘distressed’, and ‘upset’, which load on a single factor . Positive affect items included ‘enthusiastic’ and ‘interested’.…”

Independent and interactive effects of real-time risk factors on later temptations and lapses among smokers trying to quit

“…Available research further supports the role of these risk factors as predictors of smoking behavior. Specifically, smoking to alleviate negative affect (i.e., withdrawal) may maintain smoking over time (Baker et al, 2004), and momentary negative affect predicts temptations and lapses (Minami et al, 2014; Shiffman et al, 1996). At present, it is unknown how positive affect relates to the occurrence of temptations and success resisting them.…”

Extreme Response Style and the Measurement of Intra-Individual Variability in Affect

“…The findings of strong relations between negative affect and smoking outcomes is not surprising (Baker et al, 2004; Ferguson & Shiffman, 2014; Piasecki et al, 2003b). There has been mixed evidence that positive affect is meaningfully related to smoking outcomes (Bold et al, 2016; Minami et al, 2014; Piper et al, 2008; Piper et al, 2009; Sayette & Dimoff, 2016), especially with regard to the intra-individual variability of positive affect. Our use of an adjustment for ERS and its resulting effects may shed new light on these findings, as well as the symptomatic patterns associated with relapse likelihood.…”