2023
DOI: 10.30574/wjarr.2023.20.3.2616
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Relationship between CTGF levels and echocardiographic parameters in patients after permanent pacemaker implantation

Ivaneta Dimitrova Yoncheva,
Mariya Negrinova Negreva

Abstract: Introduction: In recent decades, the dual-chamber pacemaker has become the gold standard for treating high-degree atrioventricular block. Despite the incredible benefits of overcoming conduction disorders, undeniable evidence has accumulated in recent years of negative effects of permanent right ventricular apical stimulation. The aim of our study was to examine the cytokines responsible for activation of the fibrotic process in patients after PPM implantation with apical right ventricular stimulation. Materia… Show more

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