Relationship between European corn borer resistance and concentration of mycotoxins produced by <i>Fusarium</i> spp. in grains of transgenic <i>Bt</i> maize hybrids, their isogenic counterparts, and commercial varieties

Magg, T.; Melchinger, Albrecht E.; Klein, D.; Bohn, Martin

doi:10.1046/j.1439-0523.2002.00659.x

Cited by 60 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Some field trials, conducted in the USA in 2000-2002, demonstrated that fumonisin levels were frequently lower in grains of Bt hybrids than in non-Bt varieties (Hammond et al, 2004). Other experiments carried out in central Europe concluded that Bt maize hybrids slightly reduced the fusariotoxin level of maize (Magg et al, 2002). Field studies conducted in Ontario (Canada) showed that deoxynivalenol concentrations were reduced in Bt maize but were mainly dependent on O. nubilalis density in the field (Schaafsma et al, 2002).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lower mycotoxin levels in Bt maize grain

Folcher

Délos²,

Marengue³

et al. 2010

Agron. Sustain. Dev.

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-Mycotoxins produced by Fusarium spp. during plant cultivation induce severe diseases in animal and humans. In 2007 a European Union regulation set maximum concentrations of mycotoxins in maize and derivatives of 4000 ppb for fumonisins B 1 and B 2 , 1750 ppb for deoxynivalenol, and 350 ppb for zearalenone. To assess the safety of French maize food, investigations are currently being carried out by the national Biological Risk Monitoring network. Here, 84 plots were cropped with the Bt maize MON 810 and its isogenic non-Bt counterpart in 2005 and 2006 in Southwestern France. Mycotoxin levels were measured in grain at harvest. Fumonisins B 1 and B 2 , deoxynivalenol, and zearalenone were analysed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The data were analysed statistically using non-parametric tests for mycotoxins and analysis of variance for weather variables. As the climate was homogenous inside the experimental area, the transgenic event introduced into the maize was the only key parameter which differed between Bt and non-Bt maize plots. Our results show that Bt maize decreased concentrations of fumonisins by 90% and zearalenone by 50%, whereas the concentration of deoxynivalenol was slightly increased. Those findings suggest a competition among Fusarium species that produce fumonisins or trichothecenes. According to the European regulation, 93% of the Bt maize crops can be sold, compared with only 45% for non-Bt maize plots. Our results thus show that Bt maize improved food safety by greatly reducing mycotoxin levels in field crops in Southwestern France.Bt MON810 maize / fumonisins B 1 and B 2 / deoxynivalenol / zearalenone / Regulation 1126/2007

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lower mycotoxin levels in Bt maize grain

Folcher

Délos²,

Marengue³

et al. 2010

Agron. Sustain. Dev.

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“…Plant host genotype is known to affect production during plant colonization (33,43,44), and this can be exploited in resistance breeding programs. Host variation is thought to be based on a combination of pathogen growth or infection inhibition and biochemical differences which enable resistant varieties to downregulate DON biosynthesis (47) or to rapidly degrade DON (46).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycotoxigenic Fusarium and Deoxynivalenol Production Repress Chitinase Gene Expression in the Biocontrol Agent Trichoderma atroviride P1

Lutz¹,

Feichtinger²,

Défago³

et al. 2003

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Mycotoxin contamination associated with head blight of wheat and other grains caused by Fusarium culmorum and F. graminearum is a chronic threat to crop, human, and animal health throughout the world. One of the most important toxins in terms of human exposure is deoxynivalenol (DON) (formerly called vomitoxin), an inhibitor of protein synthesis with a broad spectrum of toxigenicity against animals. Certain Fusarium toxins have additional antimicrobial activity, and the phytotoxin fusaric acid has recently been shown to modulate fungus-bacterium interactions that affect plant health (Duffy and Défago, Phytopathology 87:1250-1257, 1997). The potential impact of DON on Fusarium competition with other microorganisms has not been described previously. Any competitive advantage conferred by DON would complicate efforts to control Fusarium during its saprophytic growth on crop residues that are left after harvest and constitute the primary inoculum reservoir for outbreaks in subsequent plantings. We examined the effect of the DON mycotoxin on ecological interactions between pathogenic Fusarium and Trichoderma atroviride strain P1, a competitor fungus with biocontrol activity against a wide range of plant diseases. Expression of the Trichoderma chitinase genes, ech42 and nag1, which contribute to biocontrol activity, was monitored in vitro and on crop residues of two maize cultivars by using goxA reporter gene fusions. We found that DON-producing F. culmorum and F. graminearum strains repressed expression of nag1-gox. DON-negative wild-type Fusarium strains and a DONnegative mutant with an insertional disruption in the tricothecene biosynthetic gene, tri5, had no effect on antagonist gene expression. The role of DON as the principal repressor above other pathogen factors was confirmed. Exposure of Trichoderma to synthetic DON or to a non-DON-producing Fusarium mutant resulted in the same level of nag1-gox repression as the level observed with DON-producing Fusarium. DON repression was specific for nag1-gox and had no effect, either positive or negative, on expression of another key chitinase gene, ech42. This is the first demonstration that a target pathogen down-regulates genes in a fungal biocontrol agent, and our results provide evidence that mycotoxins have a novel ecological function as factors in Fusarium competitiveness.

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“…The host and climatic factors influence the growth, survival, dissemination and hence the incidence of seed borne fungi and the disease severity. The influence of locality, host cultivars, pathogenicity and toxicity of these fungi were extensively studied (Miedaner et al 2001;Magg et al 2002). The influence of climatic factors on the occurrence of seed borne fungi is complicated by the fact that the fungi can infect or cause disease individually or as a complex (Doohan et al 1998).…”

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confidence: 99%

Correlation between black point symptoms and fungal infestation and seedling viability of wheat kernels

Hudec¹,

Muchová²

2008

Plant Prot. Sci.

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Hudec K., Muchová D. (2008): Correlation between black point symptoms and fungal infestation and seedling viability of wheat kernels. Plant Protect. Sci., 44: 138-146.The level of occurrence of black point, the spectrum of fungal species and damage to wheat seedling vigour associated with it were assessed during 2003 and 2004 in the Slovak Republic. The incidence of black point kernels ranged between 0.2-2.4% in 2003 and 24.2-34.3% in 2004. The kernels' fungal contamination varied from 60% to 100%. Alternaria spp., F. poae and F. culmorum were isolated from all localities and all subsamples. Stemphylium vesicarium, Fusarium culmorum, F. graminearum, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides, Microdochium nivale, Epicoccum nigrum, Penicillium spp., Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus nigricans and Cochliobolus sativus were isolated less frequently. Fungi of the genus Alternaria were the most dominant, followed by Fusarium and Microdochium among which F. poae was dominant. Irrespective of incubation temperature, the germinative capacity and coleoptile growth rate of discolored kernels were affected more in the wet and cold year 2004. The inhibition of germination and seedling viability was more pronounced at the incubation temperature 22°C than at 15°C. Inhibition of coleoptile growth rate was 0.12-3.12% in black point kernels collected in 2003, and 0.24-9.28% in those collected in 2004.

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Relationship between European corn borer resistance and concentration of mycotoxins produced by Fusarium spp. in grains of transgenic Bt maize hybrids, their isogenic counterparts, and commercial varieties

Cited by 60 publications

References 16 publications

Lower mycotoxin levels in Bt maize grain

Lower mycotoxin levels in Bt maize grain

Mycotoxigenic Fusarium and Deoxynivalenol Production Repress Chitinase Gene Expression in the Biocontrol Agent Trichoderma atroviride P1

Correlation between black point symptoms and fungal infestation and seedling viability of wheat kernels

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