Relationship between external and internal load indicators and injury using machine learning in professional soccer: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Pillitteri, Guglielmo; Petrigna, Luca; Ficarra, Salvatore; Giustino, Valerio; Thomas, Ewan; Rossi, Alessio; Clemente, Filipe Manuel; Paoli, Antonio; Petrucci, Marco; Bellafiore, Marianna; Palma, Antonio; Battaglia, Giuseppe

doi:10.1080/15438627.2023.2297190

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 101 publications

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“…Integrating internal load parameters is necessary to improve the periodization of the microcycles, thus contributing to improve the implications of this study on performance and the reduction of non-contact injury risk (47) by managing properly the player load. Previous studies have shown a clear relationship between external and internal load parameters and injury risk (48), so this study could contribute to a better management of load patterns to reduce the injury risk. Therefore, a better integration of external and internal parameters could have provided more clear directions on how to manage not only the metrics of the players during tasks, but also their internal responses.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Analyzing the impact of non-participation in the FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022 on LaLiga players' physical performance

Reverte-Pagola,

Pecci,

del Ojo-López

et al. 2024

Front. Sports Act. Living

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BackgroundMonitoring external load demands in soccer is crucial for optimizing performance and reducing injury risk. However, events like the FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022 and unexpected interruptions can disrupt load management strategies. Understanding the impact of such events on player performance is essential for effective training and recovery strategies.ObjectiveThis study retrospectively assessed the impact of the FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022 on the physical performance of LaLiga elite soccer players who were not part of the tournament. The aim was to analyze various external load parameters and determine the direction of their changes post-tournament.MethodsData from 239 LaLiga players who were not selected for the World Cup were analyzed. External load parameters from 8 matches before and after the tournament were compared. Statistical analyses, including repeated measures ANOVA, were conducted to evaluate changes in performance metrics.ResultsMinutes played and total distance covered showed no significant changes post-tournament. However, maximal speed decreased significantly (p < 0.001; η2p = 0.117). High-speed running parameters improved significantly (p < 0.05), except for HSRRelCount (p = 0.074; η2p = 0.013). Sprint-related variables demonstrated significant enhancements, except for SprintAbsAvgDuration, SprintMaxAvgDuration, and Sprints >85% Vel Max. Acceleration metrics showed significant improvements in Accel_HighIntensityAccAbsCount (p = 0.024; η2p = 0.021), while Accel_Accelerations showed no significant changes. Deceleration metrics remained unchanged, but Accel_HighIntensityDecAbsCount and Accel_HighIntensityDecAbsDistance increased significantly post-tournament (p = 0.002; η2p = 0.040, p = 0.001; η2p = 0.044, respectively).ConclusionNon-participant LaLiga players demonstrated enhanced performance in most external load metrics after the FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022. These findings highlight the importance of effective load management during periods of competition interruption and suggest strategies to optimize performance and reduce injury risk. Further research should consider holistic performance metrics and internal load parameters to provide comprehensive insights into player response to mid-season tournaments.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Analyzing the impact of non-participation in the FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022 on LaLiga players' physical performance

Reverte-Pagola,

Pecci,

del Ojo-López

et al. 2024

Front. Sports Act. Living

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Given the intermittent high-intensity nature of the game [1], it is likely referees also face high-intensity periods with short recovery breaks, which could lead to incorrect refereeing decisions due to fatigue [12]. Therefore, in line with previous studies in other sports, the identification of internal and external load demands may contribute to improving the training quality of BH referees and, therefore, enhance their performance while reducing their injury risk [13,14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 82%

A Global Positioning System Used to Monitor the Physical Performance of Elite Beach Handball Referees in a Spanish Championship

Martínez-Rodríguez,

Sánchez-Sánchez,

López-Fernández

et al. 2024

Sensors

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Beach handball is a fully developed sporting discipline on all five continents which has attracted the attention of researchers in the last decade, resulting in a proliferation of different studies focusing on players but not on referees. The main objective of this cross-sectional research was to determine the physical demands on elite male beach handball referees in four different competitions: U18 male; U18 female; senior male; and senior female. Twelve elite federated male referees (age: 30.86 ± 8 years; body height: 175.72 ± 4.51 cm; body weight: 80.18 ± 17.99 kg; fat percentage: 20.1 ± 4.41%; national or international experience) belonging to the Technical Committee of the Royal Spanish Handball Federation were recruited for this the study. The physical demands required of referees in official matches were measured by installing a GPS device. The sampling frequency used to record their speed and distance was 15 Hz. A triaxial accelerometer (100 Hz) was used to determine their acceleration. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) between competitions with post hoc comparisons using the Bonferroni adjustment was used to compare among categories. A higher distance covered in zone 1 and speeds of 0 to 6 km-h−1 were recorded. Most accelerations and decelerations occurred in zones 0 and 1 (zone 0: 0 to 1 m·s−2; zone 1: 1 to 2 m·s−2). The lack of differences (p > 0.05) between most analysed variables suggest quite similar physical demands of the four analysed competitions. These results provide relevant information to design optimal training plans oriented to the real physical demands on referees in an official competition.

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“…Pillitteri et al investigated the correlation between internal load and external load, and their impact on injury risk prediction using ML approaches. The review shows an association between external load, internal load, and re-injury risk, highlighting the effectiveness of the ML approach [90]. Other predictive models about re-injury have been studied.…”

Section: Rehabilitationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries: Current Concepts and Future Perspectives

Andriollo,

Picchi,

Sangaletti

et al. 2024

Healthcare

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The remarkable progress in data aggregation and deep learning algorithms has positioned artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) to revolutionize the field of medicine. AI is becoming more and more prevalent in the healthcare sector, and its impact on orthopedic surgery is already evident in several fields. This review aims to examine the literature that explores the comprehensive clinical relevance of AI-based tools utilized before, during, and after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. The review focuses on current clinical applications and future prospects in preoperative management, encompassing risk prediction and diagnostics; intraoperative tools, specifically navigation, identifying complex anatomic landmarks during surgery; and postoperative applications in terms of postoperative care and rehabilitation. Additionally, AI tools in educational and training settings are presented. Orthopedic surgeons are showing a growing interest in AI, as evidenced by the applications discussed in this review, particularly those related to ACL injury. The exponential increase in studies on AI tools applicable to the management of ACL tears promises a significant future impact in its clinical application, with growing attention from orthopedic surgeons.

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Relationship between external and internal load indicators and injury using machine learning in professional soccer: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Cited by 8 publications

References 101 publications

Analyzing the impact of non-participation in the FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022 on LaLiga players' physical performance

Analyzing the impact of non-participation in the FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022 on LaLiga players' physical performance

A Global Positioning System Used to Monitor the Physical Performance of Elite Beach Handball Referees in a Spanish Championship

The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries: Current Concepts and Future Perspectives

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