Relationship between Oxidative Stress, Circadian Rhythms, and AMD

Abstract

This work reviews concepts regarding oxidative stress and the mechanisms by which endogenous and exogenous factors produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). It also surveys the relationships between oxidative stress, circadian rhythms, and retinal damage in humans, particularly those related to light and photodamage. In the first section, the production of ROS by different cell organelles and biomolecules and the antioxidant mechanisms that antagonize this damage are reviewed. The second section includes a brief review of circadian clocks and their relationship with the cellular redox state. In the third part of this work, the relationship between retinal damage and ROS is described. The last part of this work focuses on retinal degenerative pathology, age-related macular degeneration, and the relationships between this pathology, ROS, and light. Finally, the possible interactions between the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), circadian rhythms, and this pathology are discussed.

Lithium ameliorates sleep deprivation‐induced mania‐like behavior, hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis alterations, oxidative stress and elevations of cytokine concentrations in the brain and serum of mice

“…Oxidative damage to lipids and DNA in bipolar patients has also been observed in both the brain and serum . 8‐ISO and 4‐HNE were found to be increased in the postmortem prefrontal cortex from patients with BD when compared with controls .…”

“…8‐ISO and 4‐HNE were found to be increased in the postmortem prefrontal cortex from patients with BD when compared with controls . In addition, clinical research has also demonstrated elevated levels of lipid peroxidation in the serum of bipolar patients . Interestingly, Versace and colleagues demonstrated a relationship between white matter damage and peripheral lipid peroxidation in bipolar patients.…”

Edaravone Prevents Retinal Degeneration in Adult Mice Following Optic Nerve Injury

“…39,40 Recently, free radicals have been investigated as an emerging therapeutic target for the treatment of neurological disorders including Alzheimer's disease and ALS, 41 as well as ocular diseases such as glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, and age-related macular degeneration. [42][43][44] Thus, VPA, as well as edaravone, seems to be a suitable candidate for drug repurposing for neurotrauma. We also showed that administration of edaravone was effective even after ONI, strongly suggesting the possibility that edaravone is a potential drug for treatment of optic neuropathy.…”

The Evolving Functions of Autophagy in Ocular Health: A Double-edged Sword

“…The lesions in ARMD are located in the macula, the central and posterior portion of the retina that includes the RPE and photoreceptors. The disease is characterized by the accumulation of drusen, which are abnormal extracellular deposits along the basal layer of the RPE 13,23,24, and drusen deposition is correlated with RPE damage and the degeneration of photoreceptors. Another pathologic feature of ARMD is the accumulation of debris known as lipofuscin in the lysosomes of RPE cells.…”

“…Another pathologic feature of ARMD is the accumulation of debris known as lipofuscin in the lysosomes of RPE cells. Lipofuscin, which is a heterogeneous mixture of lipoproteins, sensitizes RPE cells to light exposure and induced oxidative stress, eventually resulting in further protein misfolding 13,23,24.…”