Relationship Between Sea Lice Infestation, Sea Lice Production and Sea Trout Survival in Ireland, 1992‐2001

Gargan, Patrick; Tully, Oliver; Poole, W. R.

doi:10.1002/9780470995495.ch10

Cited by 59 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…This result is consistent with empirical observations in wild salmon populations potentially affected by disease spillover from aquaculture (Gargan et al 2003;Krkošek et al 2007a;Ford and Myers 2008;Costello 2009). In the case of constant input, when dominance increases the abundance of the non-dominant lineage goes to zero while the dominant lineage increases slightly in abundance.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Aquaculture-induced changes to dynamics of a migratory host and specialist parasite: a case study of pink salmon and sea lice

2011

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Exchange of diseases between domesticated and wild animals is a rising concern for conservation. In the ocean, many species display life histories that separate juveniles from adults. For pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) and parasitic sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis), infection of juvenile salmon in early marine life occurs near salmon sea-cage aquaculture sites and is associated with declining abundance of wild salmon. Here, we develop a theoretical model for the pink salmon/sea lice host-parasite system and use it to explore the effects of aquaculture hosts, acting as reservoirs, on dynamics. Because pink salmon have a 2-year lifespan, even-and odd-year lineages breed in alternate years in a given river. These lineages can have consistently different relative abundances, a phenomenon termed "line dominance". These dominance relationships between host lineages serve as a useful probe for the dynamical effects of introducing aquaculture hosts into this host-parasite system. We demonstrate how parasite spillover (farm-to-wild transfer) and spillback (wild-to-farm transfer) with aquaculture hosts can either increase or decrease the line dominance in an affected wild population. The direction of the effect depends on the response of farms to wild-origin infection. If aquaculture parasites are managed to a constant abundance, independent of the intensity of infections from wild to farm, then line dominance increases. On the other hand, if wild-origin parasites on aquaculture hosts are proportionally controlled to their abundance then line dominance decreases.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Aquaculture-induced changes to dynamics of a migratory host and specialist parasite: a case study of pink salmon and sea lice

2011

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“…Chalimus abundance during epizootics is typically greater than 10 per fish (sometimes over 60) on sea trout and Arctic charr (Bjorn et al 2001;Gargan et al 2003;Heuch et al 2005) and over three per pink and chum salmon, which are a much smaller fish (Morton et al 2004). Such levels will at least irritate and stress the host and, when they moult to mobile stages, will be fatal (Bjorn & Finstad 1997;Tully & Nolan 2002).…”

Section: Research Progress (A) Larval Dispersal and Transportmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In all cases, they only occurred in regions where Atlantic salmon was farmed in net pens (e.g. Tully et al 1999;Butler 2002;Gargan et al 2003;Krkošek et al , 2006bMorton et al 2004Morton et al , 2005 and were characterized by heavy infestations of chalimii. In Europe, epizootics were also characterized by the premature return of the juvenile sea trout to freshwater (Birkeland 1996;Gargan et al 2003;Hatton-Ellis et al 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tully et al 1999;Butler 2002;Gargan et al 2003;Krkošek et al , 2006bMorton et al 2004Morton et al , 2005 and were characterized by heavy infestations of chalimii. In Europe, epizootics were also characterized by the premature return of the juvenile sea trout to freshwater (Birkeland 1996;Gargan et al 2003;Hatton-Ellis et al 2006). In British Columbia, juvenile pink salmon heavily infested with sea lice have been observed to congregate where freshwater streams mix with sea water, such as under waterfalls, but whether this is a response to sea lice or not requires further research (A. Morton in Minutes of the Sea Lice Meeting of Scientists, Simon Fraser University, 26 March 2002.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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How sea lice from salmon farms may cause wild salmonid declines in Europe and North America and be a threat to fishes elsewhere

2009

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Fishes farmed in sea pens may become infested by parasites from wild fishes and in turn become point sources for parasites. Sea lice, copepods of the family Caligidae, are the best-studied example of this risk. Sea lice are the most significant parasitic pathogen in salmon farming in Europe and the Americas, are estimated to cost the world industry E300 million a year and may also be pathogenic to wild fishes under natural conditions. Epizootics, characteristically dominated by juvenile (copepodite and chalimus) stages, have repeatedly occurred on juvenile wild salmonids in areas where farms have sea lice infestations, but have not been recorded elsewhere. This paper synthesizes the literature, including modelling studies, to provide an understanding of how one species, the salmon louse, Lepeophtheirus salmonis, can infest wild salmonids from farm sources. Three-dimensional hydrographic models predicted the distribution of the planktonic salmon lice larvae best when they accounted for wind-driven surface currents and larval behaviour. Caligus species can also cause problems on farms and transfer from farms to wild fishes, and this genus is cosmopolitan. Sea lice thus threaten finfish farming worldwide, but with the possible exception of L. salmonis, their host relationships and transmission adaptations are unknown. The increasing evidence that lice from farms can be a significant cause of mortality on nearby wild fish populations provides an additional challenge to controlling lice on the farms and also raises conservation, economic and political issues about how to balance aquaculture and fisheries resource management.

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“…Also, escaped farmed salmon may spread diseases and parasites, thus leading to the augmented mortality of native salmon (Bjørn and Finstad 2002;Gargan et al 2002;Krkošek et al 2006). If the number of escapees is low, the effects may be negligible, but the effects become severe as the number of escapees gets larger.…”

Section: Escapementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental problems and regulation in the aquaculture industry. Insights from Norway

Olaussen

2018

Marine Policy

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Abstract:Since the beginnings of the aquaculture industry in Norway, the salmon farming industry has grown from a pioneering niche to a massive industrial adventure. Since 1992, Norwegian salmon production has increased to ten times its 1992 level. By 2015, the Norwegian production constituted 53% of the world's production of Atlantic salmon. Therefore, it could be said that salmon farming is the most important industry in rural Norway today, with a yearly landing value of about 6.1 billion EUR. As the production has grown, along with the income, numerous environmental issues have arisen. The present paper gives an overview of these environmental problems and discusses potential solutions, as well as the need for a better and more holistic regulation of the industry. The experience from Norwegian salmon farming with respect to environmental issues and regulation may give important insights to both other salmon producing countries as well as producers of other fish species.

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Relationship Between Sea Lice Infestation, Sea Lice Production and Sea Trout Survival in Ireland, 1992‐2001

Cited by 59 publications

References 19 publications

Aquaculture-induced changes to dynamics of a migratory host and specialist parasite: a case study of pink salmon and sea lice

Aquaculture-induced changes to dynamics of a migratory host and specialist parasite: a case study of pink salmon and sea lice

How sea lice from salmon farms may cause wild salmonid declines in Europe and North America and be a threat to fishes elsewhere

Environmental problems and regulation in the aquaculture industry. Insights from Norway

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