“…Permselectivity has gained increased attention with the expanding utilization of ion-exchange membranes, from desalination [ 19 , 20 , 21 ] to ion-exchange membrane bioreactors [ 22 ]. It has been shown that selectivity is mainly led by ion properties (mobility, thus size, and valence) and membrane properties [ 20 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 ]. Previous research about selectivity is, then, mostly focused on membrane modification to reduce water hardness for nitrate removal and selectivity toward chloride (often used as reference) or, for instance, to enhance monovalent selectivity for reverse electrodialysis [ 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 ].…”