Relay selection, clustering, and data aggregation routing in wireless body area networks

Ziaei, Negin; Avokh, Avid

doi:10.1002/dac.4837

Cited by 13 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) has gained attention across various areas, including sports, security, health, and military [1]. Based on the location of the signal nodes, WBAN communication modes are divided into three categories: on, off, and in-body modes [2], [3]. WBAN devices must meet the following requirement of low cost, low power consumption, higher bit rate, and the capacity to counteract changes in the human body [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and Analysis of a Compact Dual-Band Wearable Antenna for WBAN Applications

et al. 2023

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The design and analysis of a compact dual-band wearable antenna for WBAN applications is presented. The antenna was prototyped on a semi-flexible Rogers Duroid RO3003™ with compact dimensions of 41 × 44 mm 2 which corresponds to 0.33 λ0 × 0.35 λ0, where λ0 is the free space wavelength at 2.4 GHz. The antenna is designed in the preliminary stage to resonate at 5.8 GHz. An inverted U-shaped slot is added to the patch to create one more resonant frequency at 2.4 GHz. In order to enhance the antenna's bandwidth and gain, two slots at the patch's bottom edge and a partial ground are added. The measured percentage of impedance bandwidth at 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz are 3.75% and 5.17%, respectively. The gain is measured to be 3.74 dBi and 5.13 dBi and the efficiency is 91.4% and 92.3%, respectively at the operating bands. The measured radiation patterns exhibit a bidirectional and directional radiation pattern in the E-plane at 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz bands, while omnidirectional radiation patterns are observed in the H-plane. At 2.4 GHz, the SAR limits are simulated to be 0.955 W/kg and 0.571 W/kg for 1 g and 10 g of human tissue, while at 5.8 GHz, the SAR limits are 0.478 W/kg and 0.127 W/kg, respectively. Therefore, the proposed antenna has met the FCC and ICNIRP standards. Bending conditions and on-body measurements of the proposed antenna indicate that the antenna's performance is unaffected. As a result, it is shown that the antenna possessed the ability to be utilized in WBAN applications.INDEX TERMS Dual-band, patch antenna, WBAN applications, SAR, bending condition.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and Analysis of a Compact Dual-Band Wearable Antenna for WBAN Applications

et al. 2023

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“…The protocol chooses a relay with the maximum energy for data reception while having the best transmission channel at each round of sending biosensors' data to the sink node. Another trustworthy, energy-efficient, and high throughput routing protocol is suggested by Ziaei et al [7] to address the challenges of clustering, selecting relay nodes, and routing in WBANs.Their proposed approach considered two main metrics for routing the sensors'data: residual energy and distance. It aimed to balance the sensors'energy consumption and reduce the energy consumption of the whole network.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficient Hybrid Fault-Management Clustering Algorithm (HFMCA) in WBANs Based on Weighted Bipartite Graph

et al. 2023

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Wireless Body Area networks (WBANs) have been adopted extensively in academic and industrial research and development in recent years. WBANs promise to provide a suitable environment for remote patient monitoring and enable caregivers to intervene in case of abnormal health conditions. However, WBANs sensors are resource-constrained and face challenges, including, for instance, sensor energy harvesting, efficient routing, parent node selection in case of two hubs links, and data security. The stringent healthcare requirements burden managing WBAN resources and sensor functionality. In this research work, we tackle the issue of total energy consumption, communication overhead, and the lifespan of WBAN. We study the effect of routing and parent node selection on the network lifespan. The study considers a cluster-based routing protocol to establish a WBAN. This approach divides the network into clusters, where each cluster consists of a cluster head called a Relay Node (RN) and a set of functional sensors. Each RN collects data from its sensor nodes and sends it to a base station. However, the relay nodes are susceptible to failures at any time due to the challenging deployment environments and resource constraints of the nodes. In addition, the network sensors are dynamic in positions due to user body movements. Therefore, improving the robustness, fault management, and reliability at different postures becomes necessary. We propose a mobility-aware, energy-efficient Hybrid Fault-Management Clustering Algorithm (HFMCA) adopting the Weighted Bipartite Graph (WBG) to handle the vulnerable RNs prone to failure. The WBG helps find the optimum path between the vulnerable RN and its members to the sink node while maintaining minimum energy consumption and transmission costs. Finally, we conducted extensive experiments, and the simulation results illustrate the proposed algorithm's efficiency in WBANs regarding energy consumption, network lifespan, and communication overhead.INDEX TERMS Wireless body area network (WBAN), cluster-based routing protocol, weighted bipartite graph.

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“…WBAN encompasses three distinct communication modes: in-body, on-body, and off-body modes. These classifications are determined by the precise positioning of signal nodes [2,3]. WBAN communication, developed by the IEEE 802.15 TG research group, has numerous applications including low-power communication devices used within, inside, and outside the body [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comprehensive Analysis of Low-Profile Dual Band Flexible Omnidirectional Wearable Antenna for WBAN Applications

Khan,

Sethi,

Malik

et al. 2024

IEEE Access

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This manuscript demonstrates a comprehensive analysis of a low-profile dual-band flexible omnidirectional wearable antenna, designed for Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) applications. The proposed antenna is designed and fabricated on a commercially available semiflexible RT/duroid 5870 substrate. The antenna prototype is composed of a circular radiating patch with a star-shaped slot at the center, providing dual-band operations that resonates at the 2.45 GHz ISM band and 5.2 GHz WLAN band. Meanwhile, two truncated arc-shaped slots at the top and bottom edges of the radiating patch and the partial ground were utilized to improve the reflection coefficients (S11) and impedance bandwidth of the antenna. The proposed antenna has a compact footprint of 47×30×0.787 mm 3 (0.38 λo × 0.25 λo × 0.006 λo at 2.45 GHz), with measured impedance bandwidth of 48% and 38.5% at 2.45 GHz and 5.2 GHz respectively. Moreover, the designed antenna has an omnidirectional and bidirectional radiation feature with the estimated gain of 2.5 dBi, 4.63 dBi and numerical efficiencies of 98.5% and 95% at 2.45 GHz and 5.2 GHz respectively. Furthermore, a comprehensive investigation encompassing a specific absorption rate and an exploration of bending aspects validated the effectiveness of the suggested design in adhering the SAR threshold and its remarkable robustness, when confronted with the demands imposed by human body loading and structural deformations. Consequently, both the numerical and measured results strongly endorse the significance of the suggested design for lightweight, body-worn wearable devices within the Wireless Body Area Network applications.

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Relay selection, clustering, and data aggregation routing in wireless body area networks

Cited by 13 publications

References 32 publications

Design and Analysis of a Compact Dual-Band Wearable Antenna for WBAN Applications

Design and Analysis of a Compact Dual-Band Wearable Antenna for WBAN Applications

Efficient Hybrid Fault-Management Clustering Algorithm (HFMCA) in WBANs Based on Weighted Bipartite Graph

A Comprehensive Analysis of Low-Profile Dual Band Flexible Omnidirectional Wearable Antenna for WBAN Applications

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