Release, Characterization, and Safety of Nanoencapsulated Food Ingredients

Assadpour

Comp Rev Food Sci Food Safe

et al. 2020

Self Cite

209

108

Nowadays, many consumers prefer foods with a high content of nutraceuticals that contribute to the prevention or healing of chronic diseases. Therefore, in recent years, more and more researchers have studied the bioefficiency, safety, and toxicity of nutraceutical-enriched foods. The key stage of nutraceutical bioefficiency is oral bioavailability, which involves the following processes: the release of nutraceuticals from food matrices or nanocarriers in gastrointestinal fluids, the solubilization of nutraceuticals and their interaction with other components of gastrointestinal fluids, the absorption of nutraceuticals by the epithelial layer, and the chemical and biochemical transformations into epithelial cells. These processes are endogenous factors that greatly influence the bioavailability of nutraceuticals. In addition to endogenous factors, the bioavailability of nutraceuticals is also affected by exogenous factors, such as: physicochemical properties of nutraceuticals, food matrix, food processing and storage, and so forth. Both the endogenous and exogenous factors are comprehensively analyzed in this review. Thus, the physicochemical and enzymatic processes involved in food digestion are described, highlighting the role of each stage of gastrointestinal tract (mouth, stomach, and intestine) in nutraceuticals bioaccessibility. The structure and functions of the mucus and epithelial layers, the mechanisms involved in the active and passive transport of nutraceuticals through the cell membrane, and phase I and phase II metabolism reactions are also discussed. Finally, this review focuses on several types of bioactive-loaded nanocarriers such as lipid-based, surfactant-based, and biopolymeric nanocarriers that improve the bioavailability of nutraceuticals. K E Y W O R D Sbioaccessibility, bioavailability, food matrix, gastrointestinal fate, nanocarriers, nutraceuticals 954

Section: Gastrointestinal Factors Affecting the Nutraceutical Bioavaimentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioavailability of nutraceuticals: Role of the food matrix, processing conditions, the gastrointestinal tract, and nanodelivery systems

Assadpour

Comp Rev Food Sci Food Safe

et al. 2020

Self Cite

209

108

Comp Rev Food Sci Food Safe

“…Although there are several mechanisms such as magnetic, osmotic, and electric phenomena that might affect the controlled release, four main mechanisms involved in releasing bioactive ingredients from the encapsulation matrix are dissolution, diffusion through the food matrix, swelling, and degradation or erosion (Jafari, Esfanjani, Katouzian, & Assadpour, 2017; Leong & Langer, 1988). Defining the controlling mechanism is proportional to the encapsulation matrix.…”

Section: Release Mechanisms and Definitionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The driving force for swelling phenomena is the interaction between hydrophilic ingredients and water molecules that is observed generally in macromolecules (Jafari et al., 2017). The three‐dimensional matrix of the polymers expands when surrounded by water and results in the formation of chemical or physical bonds.…”

Section: Release Mechanisms and Definitionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling the release of food bioactive ingredients from carriers/nanocarriers by the empirical, semiempirical, and mechanistic models

Malekjani

Jafari

2020

Self Cite

139

The encapsulation process has been utilized in the field of food technology to enhance the technofunctional properties of food products and the delivery of nutraceutical ingredients via food into the human body. The latter application is very similar to drug delivery systems. The inherent sophisticated nature of release mechanisms requires the utilization of mathematical equations and statistics to predict the release behavior during the time. The science of mathematical modeling of controlled release has gained a tremendous advancement in drug delivery in recent years. Many of these modeling methods could be transferred to food. In order to develop and design enhanced food controlled/targeted bioactive release systems, understanding of the underlying physiological and chemical processes, mechanisms, and principles of release and applying the knowledge gained in the pharmaceutical field to food products is a big challenge. Ideally, by using an appropriate mathematical model, the formulation parameters could be predicted to achieve a specific release behavior. So, designing new products could be optimized. Many papers are dealing with encapsulation approaches and evaluation of the impact of process and the utilized system on release characteristics of encapsulated food bioactives, but still, there is no deep insight into the mathematical release modeling of encapsulated food materials. In this study, information gained from the pharmaceutical field is collected and discussed to investigate the probable application in the food industry.

ASSAY and Drug Development Technologies

“…The particle size influences various parameters of the drugloaded carriers such as stability, appearance, rheology, release profile, etc. [179][180][181] The size analysis results of nano spraydried powder particles are typically based on a mean diameter, particle size distribution, and polydispersity index (PDI). The particle size distribution can either have a single peak (optimal 235 distribution) or several peaks, for example, two peaks (bimodal distribution) as a result of satellite droplets during atomization.…”

Section: Particle Size and Surface Analysis Of Nano Spray-dried Powdermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, the delivery systems for bioactive ingredients must enter the bloodstream to trigger the targeted release. 181,190 The nanoencapsulated drugs should eventually enter the bloodstream to trigger the targeted release. The mucosal layer delays the transport of drugs by inhibiting their direct adhesion to the epithelial cells.…”

Section: Bioavailability Of Nano Spray-dried Drugsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nano Spray-Dried Drugs for Oral Administration: A Review

Öztürk

Arpagaus

2021

Spray drying is an important technology that is fast, simple, reproducible, and scalable. It has a wide application range, that is, in food, chemicals, and encapsulation of pharmaceuticals. The technology can be divided into conventional spray drying and nano spray drying. The key advantage of nano spray drying is the production of drug-loaded nanosized particles for various drug delivery applications. The recent developments in nano spray dryer technology and the market launch of the Nano Spray Dryer B-90 by Bu ¨chi Labortechnik AG in 2009 enabled the production of submicron spray-dried particles. This review focuses on nanosized drug delivery systems intended for oral administration produced by nano spray drying. First, the nano spray drying concept, the basic technologies implemented in the equipment, and the effects of the various process parameters on the final dry submicron powder properties are presented. Then, the topics of new formulation strategies of oral drugs are highlighted with examples that have entered the research literature in recent years. Next, the subjects of direct conversion of poorly watersoluble drugs, encapsulation of drugs, and drying of preformed nanoparticles are considered. Finally, topics such as morphology, particle size, size distribution, surface analysis, bioavailability, drug release, release kinetics, and solid-state characterization (by differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance) of oral drug delivery systems produced by nano spray drying are discussed. The review attempts to provide a comprehensive knowledge base with current literature and foresight to researchers working in the field of pharmaceutical technology and nanotechnology and especially in the field of nano spray drying.