Reliability and validity evaluation of the appropriate antibiotic use self-efficacy scale for Chinese adults

Abstract

Background Antibiotic resistance is one of the greatest threats to global public health. Inappropriate use of antibiotics can lead to an increase in antibiotic resistance. Individual self-efficacy in the appropriate use of antibiotics plays a key role, especially in China where the population has easy access to antibiotics. However, there are no tools available to assess the self-efficacy of appropriate antibiotic use for Chinese adults. We aimed to translate and develop a Chinese version of the Appropriate Antibiotic Use Self-Efficacy Scale (AAUSES), and validate its reliability and validity. Methods A total of 659 adults were recruited to participate in the questionnaire. The original version scale was first translated into Chinese using the backward and forward translation procedures. The internal consistency reliability of the scale was measured by the Cronbach alpha coefficient, the test-retest reliability, and the corrected item-total correlation. The validity of the scale was assessed by the content validity index, exploratory factor analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis. Results The content validity index of the scale was 0.96. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) supported a 4-factor structure of the translated questionnaire, and the discriminant validity of the scale was good. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) showed in the model fitness index, the chi-square degree of freedom was 2.940, the goodness-of-fit index(GFI) was 0.929, the incremental fit index (IFI) was 0.908, the comparative fit index(CFI) was 0.906, root mean square error of approximation(RMSEA) was 0.077, and standardized root mean residual (SRMR) was 0.0689, and the model fitting indexes were all in the acceptable range. Cronbach alpha coefficient for the scale was 0.910. The test-retest reliability was 0.947, and the corrected item-total correlations for the items ranged from 0.488 to 0.736. Self-efficacy for appropriate antibiotic use in adults varied by education, occupation, income, place of residence, and whether or not they had heard of antibiotic resistance. Conclusions The results indicated that the Chinese version of the AAUSES had good reliability and validity. Therefore, it can be considered a tool to evaluate the appropriate antibiotic use self-efficacy of adults in China.

The impact of marketing modification on the performance of food processing SMEs in Ghana

“…The marketing modification items MM7 (0.67), MM8 (0.71), MM9 (0.72), MM10 (0.65), MM11 (0.66) and MM12 (0.63) all had factor loading values that were greater than 0.50, indicating that they were all suitable to be kept (Malhotra et al, 2017). Table 2 shows that Cronbach's alpha (a) for marketing modification was 0.835, which is higher than the minimum advised value of 0.7 (Wang et al, 2022). This shows that the measurement of marketing modification had an acceptable level of internal dependability.…”

“…All of the food processing SME performance constructs’ factor loading values were equal to or greater than 0.50, indicating that they were all suitable for retention (see Table 3; Malhotra et al , 2017). FP (0.90), customer performance (0.91), IBPP (0.91) and learning and growth performance (0.91) all had α greater than 0.70, indicating that the constructs used to measure performance in the food processing industry had acceptable levels of internal consistency and reliability (see Table 3; Wang et al , 2022).…”

“…All of the food processing SME performance constructs' factor loading values were equal to or greater than 0.50, indicating that they were all suitable for retention (see Table 3; Malhotra et al, 2017). FP (0.90), customer performance (0.91), IBPP (0.91) and learning and growth performance (0.91) all had a greater than 0.70, indicating that the constructs used to measure performance in the food processing industry had acceptable levels of internal consistency and reliability (see Table 3; Wang et al, 2022). Additionally, the CR of FP (0.92), customer performance (0.91), IBPP (0.91) and learning and growth performance (0.91) were all greater than 0.70, indicating a good reliability of the performance constructs used to assess the performance of food processing SME (see Table 3; Malhotra et al, 2017).…”

Development and preliminary evaluation of the Comprehensive Health Self-Assessment Questionnaire (CHSAQ) for individuals in the Chinese People Liberation Army

“…Second, reverse-scored items were converted according to the following rules (5 = 1, 2 = 4, 4 = 2 and 1 = 5). The item selection methods were as follows [ 29 – 31 ]. (1) The critical ratio analysis method: The total score of the scale was obtained by adding all item scores and ranking them in descending order.…”

Hemodialysis nurses’ knowledge, attitude, and practices in managing vascular access: A cross-sectional study in Saudi Arabia

“…The development of this was based on the framework of knowledge, attitude, practice, and self-efficacy. [17][18][19] The selfefficacy domain assesses the perceptual abilities of individual nurses in the specific field of VA management, as well as their confidence in carrying out specific tasks. The questionnaire comprised of demographic information (9 items), specific knowledge on VA (10 items), personal attitude toward VA care practices (6 items), usual practice (7 items), and self-efficacy in VA cannulation and management (6 items).…”