“…Since the uncertainty of soil properties is inevitable in seismic slope stability analysis, the traditional deterministic methods such as pseudo-static (Macedo and Candia, 2020) and pseudo-dynamic (Yang et al, 2023) limit equilibrium methods often require a redundant factor of safety to compensate the potential uncertainties in soil properties leading to conservative design or reinforcement. Therefore, the probabilistic methods have been widely used (Zhou et al, 2023;Huang et al, 2022;Alamanis and Dakoulas, 2022;Liao and Ji, 2021;Jiang et al, 2014Jiang et al, , 2018Du et al, 2018b;Veylon et al, 2017;SongRodriguez-Marek, 2015;Cho, 2007;El-Ramly et al, 2002) and have become favorable tools to solve the problem of uncertainty and randomness in geotechnical engineering (Tang et al, 2012;Wang, 2012;Wang et al, 2011;Zevgolis and Bourdeau, 2010;Low and Tang, 2007;Griffiths and Fenton, 2004). Reliability analysis methods can be divided into two categories.…”